在(zai)工程爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中(zhong),常用(yong)(yong)的(de)起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)有(you):電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)、導火索(suo)起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)、導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)、導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)是利用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)使雷管(guan)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸,進(jin)而起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸藥的(de)起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)芳法(fa)(fa)。它所需的(de)器(qi)材有(you):電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷管(guan)、導線和起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路的(de)連(lian)接形式(shi),要根據爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)規模、工程的(de)重要性、所選起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源及其起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)能(neng)力(li)等進(jin)行選擇(ze),基本連(lian)接方(fang)(fang)式(shi)有(you):串(chuan)聯(lian)、并聯(lian)、串(chuan)并聯(lian)和并串(chuan)聯(lian)等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)具(ju)有(you)較(jiao)安全(quan)、可(ke)靠、準確、高效等優點,在(zai)國內外仍(reng)占有(you)較(jiao)大(da)比重。在(zai)大(da)、中(zhong)型(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中(zhong),主(zhu)要仍(reng)是用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。特別是在(zai)有(you)瓦斯、礦(kuang)塵爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸的(de)環(huan)境中(zhong),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)是主(zhu)要的(de)起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)。但(dan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)容易受各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信號(hao)的(de)干擾而發(fa)生早爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao),因此在(zai)有(you)雜散電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、射頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、高壓感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)環(huan)境中(zhong),不能(neng)使用(yong)(yong)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷管(guan)。
給大(da)(da)家(jia)介紹下爆(bao)破聚能管(guan)的(de)技術原理∶炸藥爆(bao)炸產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)爆(bao)轟波(bo)通(tong)過聚能管(guan)的(de)聚能槽,將(jiang)炸藥的(de)動(dong)能、勢(shi)能轉換成高壓(ya)(ya)、高速、高能的(de)射流,切(qie)割演示成縫(feng)。射流在(zai)孔(kong)壁產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)射流壓(ya)(ya)力(li)達7000MPa,巖石(shi)(shi)動(dong)載抗(kang)壓(ya)(ya)強(qiang)度為200MPa,抗(kang)拉為1/8~1/10的(de)抗(kang)壓(ya)(ya)強(qiang)度,相(xiang)鄰兩(liang)炮(pao)孔(kong)互(hu)為鄰空面,疊加后的(de)壓(ya)(ya)縮波(bo)變(bian)為稀疏波(bo),在(zai)兩(liang)炮(pao)眼連線上使巖石(shi)(shi)結構斷裂(lie),形成裂(lie)紋。準靜(jing)態氣(qi)體膨(peng)脹,靜(jing)態壓(ya)(ya)力(li)在(zai)兩(liang)炮(pao)孔(kong)最短連線兩(liang)側產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)拉力(li)使巖石(shi)(shi)裂(lie)縫(feng)進(jin)一步擴(kuo)展。根據爆(bao)破應(ying)力(li)集中氣(qi)刃(ren)作用原則(ze),爆(bao)破氣(qi)體沿裂(lie)縫(feng)進(jin)一步擴(kuo)大(da)(da)貫通(tong),拋落(luo)巖石(shi)(shi)。
水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)技術(shu)基礎(chu)上發展起來的一項(xiang)新技術(shu),其(qi)掏槽(cao)眼、輔助眼裝藥(yao)(yao)(yao)結構和爆(bao)(bao)破(po)方式與水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)相(xiang)同(tong),但在周邊(bian)眼中安裝專用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)線(xian)性聚(ju)(ju)能藥(yao)(yao)(yao)管替代(dai)常規爆(bao)(bao)破(po)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)卷(juan)和傳爆(bao)(bao)線(xian),利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)線(xian)性聚(ju)(ju)能藥(yao)(yao)(yao)管產生(sheng)的粒子射流動能、高壓(ya)(ya)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)氣體應力及(ji)“氣楔”作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),形成平整(zheng)圓(yuan)順的開挖(wa)輪廓面(mian)(mian),對(dui)控制超(chao)欠挖(wa)具有(you)良好(hao)效(xiao)果(guo),有(you)效(xiao)提升了隧道施(shi)工質量、進度和經濟效(xiao)益(yi)。水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)較水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po),在周邊(bian)眼單循環火工品(pin)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量上節(jie)(jie)(jie)約(yue)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)8.3%,周邊(bian)眼鉆孔數量從39個(ge)(ge)下(xia)降為23個(ge)(ge)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)節(jie)(jie)(jie)約(yue)41%,混凝(ning)土噴射每(mei)(mei)(mei)延米(mi)節(jie)(jie)(jie)約(yue)1.37立方米(mi)。聚(ju)(ju)能水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)比水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)每(mei)(mei)(mei)循環節(jie)(jie)(jie)約(yue)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)258.4元,即每(mei)(mei)(mei)延米(mi)節(jie)(jie)(jie)約(yue)76較元,節(jie)(jie)(jie)約(yue)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)比例(li)達32%。此外,聚(ju)(ju)能水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)能有(you)效(xiao)降低隧道內(nei)石渣塊(kuai)度和粉塵含量,還(huan)可使通風時(shi)間有(you)效(xiao)縮短33%。
專業深孔爆破聚能管施工工藝嚴格遵循六字方針(掛滿、貼緊、對準):(1)要保證炮眼打眼質量,炮眼必須按技術要求合理布置。(2)要保證掏槽眼以及其他眼眼的打眼質量,一定要在規定位置上打眼;二淮安深孔爆破聚能管要(yao)保證(zheng)(zheng)炮(pao)眼深(shen)度(du)和角度(du)。(3)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管裝藥(yao)時(shi),要(yao)保證(zheng)(zheng)乳化炸藥(yao)在(zai)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管中空(kong)內(nei)壁中填(tian)(tian)充飽滿不(bu)得有空(kong)隙出現(xian)時(shi)以產生拒爆(bao)。(4)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管在(zai)炮(pao)眼中裝填(tian)(tian)時(shi),要(yao)保證(zheng)(zheng)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管的兩條聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽(cao)指向(xiang)(xiang)巷(xiang)道輪廓線(xian)(xian)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)并(bing)且(qie)各(ge)個(ge)炮(pao)眼聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管的聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽(cao)軸線(xian)(xian)方(fang)面要(yao)保證(zheng)(zheng)相(xiang)互連接在(zai)隧道輪廓線(xian)(xian)上。否(fou)則成(cheng)型(xing)效果(guo)不(bu)僅不(bu)好(hao),反而更差(cha)。(5)保證(zheng)(zheng)炮(pao)眼堵塞質量(liang)。(6)放(fang)炮(pao)員應(ying)提前(qian)按規定裝好(hao)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管的炸藥(yao),并(bing)做好(hao)準備工作。試用范(fan)圍:一(yi)級(ji)至(zhi)五級(ji)圍巖的光面爆(bao)破工程(cheng)。
水壓光面爆(bao)破(po)技(ji)術在(zai)隧(sui)道(dao)掘進(jin)作業中的(de)(de)實(shi)際(ji)應用。提(ti)升光面爆(bao)破(po)水平、嚴(yan)抓隧(sui)道(dao)超挖管控進(jin)行了介紹。聚(ju)能水壓光面爆(bao)破(po)工(gong)(gong)藝技(ji)術很(hen)(hen)成熟、可(ke)操作性很(hen)(hen)強、材料成本很(hen)(hen)低、施工(gong)(gong)速度(du)很(hen)(hen)快(kuai)、節能環(huan)保效(xiao)(xiao)果很(hen)(hen)顯著、經濟(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)益社(she)會效(xiao)(xiao)益很(hen)(hen)高。一(yi)是要提(ti)高對推廣該項技(ji)術重要性和必然性的(de)(de)認識;二(er)是要樹立必須采取聚(ju)能水壓光面爆(bao)破(po)的(de)(de)意識;三是要堅(jian)持(chi)培訓、示范、監督“三位(wei)一(yi)體”;四是要制定切實(shi)的(de)(de)獎懲(cheng)制度(du);五是要建立檢查監督機制,持(chi)續促進(jin)該項技(ji)術的(de)(de)深入推廣。在(zai)隧(sui)道(dao)施工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)現場管理、科技(ji)創新、人才培養、經濟(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)益等方面的(de)(de)不足。建議對施工(gong)(gong)一(yi)線(xian)基礎技(ji)術工(gong)(gong)作扎(zha)實(shi)推進(jin);對新工(gong)(gong)藝、先(xian)進(jin)工(gong)(gong)法要深入學習(xi)鉆研(yan);對消(xiao)極(ji)懈怠、故步自封的(de)(de)思(si)想(xiang)要堅(jian)決(jue)抵制。
火(huo)(huo)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa),導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)(huo)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)是利用導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)(huo)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)傳(chuan)遞(di)火(huo)(huo)焰點燃火(huo)(huo)雷(lei)管(guan)(guan)(guan)進而起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)藥(yao)。這(zhe)種(zhong)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)所(suo)需(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)材料有(you):導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)(huo)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)、火(huo)(huo)雷(lei)管(guan)(guan)(guan)和點火(huo)(huo)材料。導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)(huo)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)操作簡單(dan)、靈活,使用方便,成本(ben)較低(di),廣泛應用于小型爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)和掘進。由于導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)(huo)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)的(de)(de)速燃、緩燃等(deng)弊病,在爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中事故所(suo)占(zhan)比重最大。不能(neng)多處裝藥(yao)同(tong)時起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa),用導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)直(zhi)接起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)藥(yao)包的(de)(de)方法(fa)叫導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)。先用雷(lei)管(guan)(guan)(guan)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo),當導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)轟(hong)波傳(chuan)至炸(zha)藥(yao)包時,將(jiang)炸(zha)藥(yao)引爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。在需(xu)(xu)要延(yan)時分(fen)(fen)段(duan)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)地方,將(jiang)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)中接入繼爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)(guan)(guan),就能(neng)達(da)到導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)毫(hao)秒(miao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。這(zhe)種(zhong)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)法(fa)所(suo)需(xu)(xu)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)材料有(you):雷(lei)管(guan)(guan)(guan)、導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)和繼爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)等(deng)。導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路常(chang)用的(de)(de)有(you):串(chuan)聯(lian)、簇并(bing)聯(lian)、單(dan)向(xiang)分(fen)(fen)段(duan)并(bing)聯(lian)和雙向(xiang)分(fen)(fen)段(duan)并(bing)聯(lian)等(deng)。