我國20世紀(ji)60年代利用斷裂(lie)力學(xue)(xue)對(dui)巖(yan)石損傷引(yin)起的(de)裂(lie)紋擴展進行過試驗(yan)研(yan)(yan)究，為聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)爆(bao)破(po)技術應用到工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)做了不少理論分析，也取得一些進展。80年代中(zhong)期開始進行應用研(yan)(yan)究，以北京礦業學(xue)(xue)院為代表，著重研(yan)(yan)究了聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)包(bao)切割(ge)饑(ji)理和應用。1987年淮(huai)南礦業學(xue)(xue)院取得“雙面(mian)切割(ge)器”的(de)zhuanli，1995年又取得“大理石花(hua)崗巖(yan)切割(ge)技術應用”zhuanli。1991年中(zhong)國水(shui)電七局曾試圖采用硬質紙加工(gong)(gong)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)管成形(xing)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)卷做過聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)破(po)試驗(yan)研(yan)(yan)究，但終(zhong)因當時(shi)的(de)技術及工(gong)(gong)藝水(shui)平的(de)限制無法用于正常施(shi)工(gong)(gong)，但是他(ta)們(men)開了橢圓(yuan)雙極(ji)線性聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)結構試驗(yan)的(de)先河。雙聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)預(yu)裂(lie)與(yu)光面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)綜合技術開創輪廓(kuo)控(kong)制爆(bao)破(po)新時(shi)代。

各種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)器(qi)(qi)材(cai)銷毀以(yi)及(ji)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)器(qi)(qi)材(cai)意外爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)時，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)源與人員和其他(ta)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)對(dui)象之間的(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)稱為(wei)(wei)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)應取(qu)各種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)效應（地(di)震(zhen)、沖擊(ji)波(bo)(bo)、飛(fei)石(shi)(shi)、有毒氣(qi)體(ti)等）分別核(he)定的(de)(de)大值(zhi)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)時，必然產生爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)地(di)震(zhen)、空(kong)氣(qi)沖擊(ji)波(bo)(bo)、碎石(shi)(shi)飛(fei)散及(ji)有害(hai)氣(qi)體(ti)，因此，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)設計時必須確定爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)危害(hai)范圍，并確定爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)點到附(fu)近人員、設備、建筑(zhu)物(wu)及(ji)井巷等的(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)，這一段距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)就稱為(wei)(wei)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)。如何控制好這段距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)就顯的(de)(de)尤為(wei)(wei)重要。為(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)證爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)地(di)點與人員或(huo)其他(ta)應保(bao)(bao)護(hu)對(dui)象之間必須保(bao)(bao)持短的(de)(de)相隔長度。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)有害(hai)效應隨距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)的(de)(de)增(zeng)加有規律地(di)衰減，用距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)尺度可限定爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)有害(hai)效應在允(yun)許限度之內。中國《爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)規程》規定了爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)地(di)震(zhen)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)，個(ge)別飛(fei)散物(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)，以(yi)及(ji)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)沖擊(ji)波(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)。

惠州深孔爆破多向聚能管不成功的事例是有的，如爆而不倒、實施定向爆破后沒有按爆破方案的方向倒塌等等。這些事例警示:從爆破設計、爆破器材質量、爆破施工到起爆網路連接等，只要有一個環節出現失誤，都將影響爆破工程的效果，乃至造成嚴重的后果。深孔爆破多向聚能管廠家爆破(po)作業無論是(shi)老(lao)舊建(jian)筑物本身還是(shi)周圍環(huan)境都十分(fen)復雜，這不(bu)僅要(yao)求(qiu)認真調查(cha)爆破(po)體的(de)結構(包(bao)括施工(gong)(gong)(gong)缺陷(xian))，分(fen)析(xi)受力(li)狀況，同時還要(yao)對(dui)采取技(ji)(ji)術(shu)措施(如(ru)預處理、嵌補、支撐等(deng))的(de)可(ke)靠和(he)安全性進行分(fen)析(xi)，對(dui)可(ke)能出現的(de)意(yi)外(wai)情況，應預先制(zhi)定應急(ji)方案，努力(li)避免安全事故和(he)不(bu)必要(yao)的(de)損失。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)環(huan)保(bao)性越來越受到人(ren)們(men)的(de)關注，同時，探索無公害的(de)拆除爆破(po)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)，一直是(shi)爆破(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作者(zhe)追求(qiu)的(de)目標。設立掩蔽體對(dui)物體加以保(bao)護(hu)，簡單的(de)辦(ban)法是(shi)用(yong)草袋、竹笆(ba)(ba)一類材(cai)料覆蓋在需要(yao)保(bao)護(hu)的(de)物體上(shang)面;對(dui)房屋和(he)機器設備常要(yao)在迎面和(he)頂部豎(shu)立排架(jia)，用(yong)木板或(huo)荊(jing)笆(ba)(ba)上(shang)罩鐵絲(si)網，抵御較多的(de)飛(fei)石和(he)較強的(de)空氣沖(chong)擊波的(de)打擊;對(dui)某些重要(yao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)建(jian)筑物打防震孔或(huo)者(zhe)用(yong)預裂爆破(po)將爆破(po)區和(he)被保(bao)護(hu)的(de)建(jian)筑物或(huo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設施隔離開來。

水(shui)(shui)壓光面爆(bao)(bao)破技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)在隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)掘(jue)進(jin)作(zuo)業(ye)中的(de)(de)實(shi)際(ji)應用。提升(sheng)光面爆(bao)(bao)破水(shui)(shui)平、嚴抓隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)超挖管(guan)控進(jin)行了介紹(shao)。聚(ju)能(neng)水(shui)(shui)壓光面爆(bao)(bao)破工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)很(hen)成熟(shu)、可操作(zuo)性(xing)很(hen)強、材料(liao)成本很(hen)低、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)速(su)度(du)很(hen)快、節(jie)能(neng)環保效(xiao)(xiao)果很(hen)顯(xian)著(zhu)、經濟效(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)社會(hui)效(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)很(hen)高。一是要(yao)提高對推(tui)廣該項技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)重要(yao)性(xing)和必然性(xing)的(de)(de)認識;二是要(yao)樹立必須采(cai)取聚(ju)能(neng)水(shui)(shui)壓光面爆(bao)(bao)破的(de)(de)意識;三是要(yao)堅持培(pei)訓、示(shi)范、監(jian)督(du)(du)“三位一體”;四是要(yao)制定切(qie)實(shi)的(de)(de)獎懲制度(du);五是要(yao)建(jian)立檢查監(jian)督(du)(du)機制，持續促(cu)進(jin)該項技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)深(shen)入推(tui)廣。在隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)現場管(guan)理、科技(ji)(ji)創(chuang)新(xin)、人才培(pei)養、經濟效(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)等方面的(de)(de)不足(zu)。建(jian)議對施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)一線基礎技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)扎(zha)實(shi)推(tui)進(jin);對新(xin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝、先進(jin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)法要(yao)深(shen)入學(xue)習鉆研;對消極(ji)懈怠、故(gu)步自封(feng)的(de)(de)思(si)想要(yao)堅決(jue)抵制。

我國(guo)于1983年制定了(le)(le)《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)建筑物巖(yan)(yan)行基礎開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(sD 121l一(yi)1983)。自此，在(zai)水(shui)利水(shui)電(dian)建設(she)(she)中(zhong)預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)與光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)已(yi)成(cheng)為(wei)必須進(jin)行的保護邊(bian)坡質量(liang)的爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)開(kai)挖技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)。此后在(zai)此基礎上(shang)修訂的《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)建筑物巖(yan)(yan)石基礎開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(SL 47一(yi)1994)以(yi)及在(zai)《水(shui)電(dian)水(shui)利爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5135—2001)和《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)建筑物巖(yan)(yan)石基礎開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5389～2007)中(zhong)預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)與光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)均被(bei)編(bian)入并有(you)所改(gai)進(jin)，DL／T 5135—2001正在(zai)修編(bian)為(wei)DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道部也不僅規(gui)(gui)定了(le)(le)凡是Ⅲ級以(yi)上(shang)的巖(yan)(yan)石邊(bian)坡，設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)邊(bian)坡坡度(du)為(wei)1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)邊(bian)坡部位的爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)和施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)都應(ying)(ying)采(cai)用光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)或預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，并闡述了(le)(le)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)的原(yuan)則(ze)和參數(shu)、安全措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)，而且還明確了(le)(le)路塹邊(bian)坡光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)項目質量(liang)驗收檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)數(shu)量(liang)和檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)方法(fa)。無疑該規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)的實(shi)施(shi)(shi)，有(you)力地推動和促進(jin)了(le)(le)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)在(zai)鐵路建設(she)(she)中(zhong)的應(ying)(ying)用與發(fa)展。

預(yu)裂與(yu)(yu)光面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術的(de)歷史與(yu)(yu)現狀：預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)是(shi)(shi)沿設計開挖(wa)邊界布(bu)置密集(ji)炮孔，采(cai)(cai)取不耦合裝(zhuang)藥(yao)(yao)或裝(zhuang)填(tian)低威力炸藥(yao)(yao)，在(zai)主(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)之前起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)，從而(er)在(zai)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)與(yu)(yu)保留(liu)區(qu)之間形成預(yu)裂縫(feng)，以減弱主(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)對保留(liu)巖體(ti)的(de)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)壞并形成平(ping)整(zheng)輪(lun)廓面(mian)的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)作(zuo)業。光面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)是(shi)(shi)沿設計開挖(wa)邊界布(bu)設密集(ji)炮孔，采(cai)(cai)用(yong)不耦合裝(zhuang)藥(yao)(yao)或裝(zhuang)填(tian)低威力炸藥(yao)(yao)，在(zai)主(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)之后(hou)起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)以形成平(ping)整(zheng)的(de)開挖(wa)輪(lun)廓面(mian)的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)作(zuo)業。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術的(de)發展是(shi)(shi)先出現光面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)，然(ran)后(hou)衍生發展為預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)。聚能管國(guo)內歷史與(yu)(yu)現狀，我(wo)國(guo)于1964～1965年(nian)在(zai)湖北陸水水電站施工(gong)中(zhong)做過(guo)淺孔預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)試驗，1965年(nian)鐵道部(bu)門在(zai)成昆鐵路(lu)(lu)建(jian)設中(zhong)開始試驗光面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)，1977年(nian)在(zai)西延(yan)線張家船工(gong)點，全長(chang)近200m的(de)2000m2路(lu)(lu)塹(qian)邊坡(po)全部(bu)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)光面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)后(hou)邊坡(po)平(ping)整(zheng)穩定，殘留(liu)的(de)半(ban)孔清晰可見(jian)，是(shi)(shi)鐵路(lu)(lu)建(jian)設中(zhong)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)路(lu)(lu)塹(qian)光面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)。