我(wo)國于1983年制定(ding)了(le)《水工建(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)巖行基(ji)礎開(kai)挖(wa)工程施(shi)(shi)工技術(shu)(shu)規范(fan)》(sD 121l一1983)。自此，在(zai)水利(li)水電(dian)建(jian)(jian)設中預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)裂爆破(po)(po)與光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆破(po)(po)已成為必須進(jin)行的(de)(de)保護邊(bian)坡質量的(de)(de)爆破(po)(po)開(kai)挖(wa)技術(shu)(shu)措施(shi)(shi)。此后在(zai)此基(ji)礎上(shang)修訂的(de)(de)《水工建(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)巖石基(ji)礎開(kai)挖(wa)工程施(shi)(shi)工技術(shu)(shu)規范(fan)》(SL 47一1994)以(yi)及在(zai)《水電(dian)水利(li)爆破(po)(po)工程施(shi)(shi)工技術(shu)(shu)規范(fan)》(DL／T 5135—2001)和(he)《水工建(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)巖石基(ji)礎開(kai)挖(wa)工程施(shi)(shi)工技術(shu)(shu)規范(fan)》(DL／T 5389～2007)中預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)裂爆破(po)(po)與光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆破(po)(po)均被編(bian)入并有所改進(jin)，DL／T 5135—2001正(zheng)在(zai)修編(bian)為DL／T 5135—2012。鐵(tie)道部也不僅(jin)規定(ding)了(le)凡是Ⅲ級(ji)以(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)巖石邊(bian)坡，設計邊(bian)坡坡度為1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)邊(bian)坡部位的(de)(de)爆破(po)(po)設計和(he)施(shi)(shi)工都應采用(yong)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆破(po)(po)或(huo)預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)裂爆破(po)(po)，并闡述了(le)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)裂)爆破(po)(po)施(shi)(shi)工技術(shu)(shu)設計的(de)(de)原則和(he)參數、安全措施(shi)(shi)，而(er)且還明確了(le)路塹邊(bian)坡光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)裂)爆破(po)(po)項目(mu)質量驗收檢(jian)測數量和(he)檢(jian)測方法(fa)。無疑(yi)該(gai)規程的(de)(de)實施(shi)(shi)，有力地推(tui)動和(he)促進(jin)了(le)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)裂)爆破(po)(po)技術(shu)(shu)在(zai)鐵(tie)路建(jian)(jian)設中的(de)(de)應用(yong)與發展。

專用c型聚能管施工工藝嚴格遵循六字方針(掛滿、貼緊、對準)：(1)要保證炮眼打眼質量,炮眼必須按技術要求合理布置。(2)要保證掏槽眼以及其他眼眼的打眼質量,一定要在規定位置上打眼;二馬鞍山c型聚能管要(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)炮(pao)眼(yan)深(shen)度(du)和角度(du)。(3)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)裝藥時(shi),要(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)乳化炸藥在(zai)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)中空內壁(bi)中填充(chong)飽滿不(bu)得有空隙出現(xian)時(shi)以產生拒爆。(4)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)在(zai)炮(pao)眼(yan)中裝填時(shi),要(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)的兩(liang)條聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽指(zhi)向巷道輪(lun)廓線(xian)方向并且各個炮(pao)眼(yan)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)的聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽軸線(xian)方面要(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)相互連接在(zai)隧(sui)道輪(lun)廓線(xian)上。否則(ze)成型(xing)效果不(bu)僅不(bu)好,反(fan)而更差。(5)保(bao)證(zheng)炮(pao)眼(yan)堵(du)塞質(zhi)量(liang)。(6)放(fang)炮(pao)員應提前按規定裝好聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)的炸藥,并做好準備(bei)工作。試用范圍:一(yi)級至五級圍巖(yan)的光(guang)面爆破工程。

預(yu)裂與(yu)光面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技術的(de)(de)歷史與(yu)現狀：預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)是沿(yan)設計開(kai)挖(wa)邊界布(bu)置密(mi)集(ji)炮(pao)孔(kong)，采(cai)取不(bu)耦(ou)合(he)裝藥或裝填(tian)(tian)低威力炸(zha)藥，在(zai)主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)(qu)之前(qian)起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，從而(er)在(zai)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)(qu)與(yu)保留區(qu)(qu)之間形成(cheng)預(yu)裂縫，以減弱(ruo)主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)對保留巖體的(de)(de)破(po)(po)(po)(po)壞并形成(cheng)平整(zheng)輪廓面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)作(zuo)(zuo)業。光面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)是沿(yan)設計開(kai)挖(wa)邊界布(bu)設密(mi)集(ji)炮(pao)孔(kong)，采(cai)用不(bu)耦(ou)合(he)裝藥或裝填(tian)(tian)低威力炸(zha)藥，在(zai)主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)(qu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)之后(hou)起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)以形成(cheng)平整(zheng)的(de)(de)開(kai)挖(wa)輪廓面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)作(zuo)(zuo)業。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技術的(de)(de)發展是先出現光面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)，然后(hou)衍生發展為預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)。聚能管國(guo)內歷史與(yu)現狀，我國(guo)于1964～1965年在(zai)湖(hu)北陸(lu)水(shui)水(shui)電站施(shi)工(gong)中(zhong)做(zuo)過淺(qian)孔(kong)預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)試驗(yan)，1965年鐵(tie)(tie)道部門在(zai)成(cheng)昆鐵(tie)(tie)路建(jian)設中(zhong)開(kai)始試驗(yan)光面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)，1977年在(zai)西(xi)延線張家(jia)船工(gong)點(dian)，全長近200m的(de)(de)2000m2路塹邊坡全部采(cai)用光面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)后(hou)邊坡平整(zheng)穩定，殘留的(de)(de)半孔(kong)清晰(xi)可見，是鐵(tie)(tie)路建(jian)設中(zhong)采(cai)用路塹光面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)。

水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)較水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，在(zai)周邊(bian)眼單循(xun)環火工(gong)品使(shi)用(yong)量上節(jie)約(yue)(yue)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)8.3%，周邊(bian)眼鉆孔數(shu)量從39個下降(jiang)為23個費(fei)(fei)用(yong)節(jie)約(yue)(yue)41%，混凝(ning)土(tu)噴射每(mei)延米節(jie)約(yue)(yue)1.37立(li)方米。水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)比水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)每(mei)循(xun)環節(jie)約(yue)(yue)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)258.4元(yuan)，即每(mei)延米節(jie)約(yue)(yue)76較元(yuan)，節(jie)約(yue)(yue)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)比例達(da)32%。此外(wai)，聚能(neng)(neng)管(guan)水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)能(neng)(neng)有效(xiao)降(jiang)低隧道內石渣塊度(du)和粉塵含量，還可(ke)使(shi)通風時間有效(xiao)縮短(duan)33%。聚能(neng)(neng)管(guan)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)工(gong)藝(yi)技術很(hen)成熟、可(ke)操(cao)作性很(hen)強(qiang)、材料(liao)成本很(hen)低、施(shi)工(gong)速度(du)很(hen)快、節(jie)能(neng)(neng)環保效(xiao)果很(hen)顯著、經濟效(xiao)益社會(hui)效(xiao)益很(hen)高。聚能(neng)(neng)管(guan)定(ding)向爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技術是(shi)近幾(ji)年發展(zhan)起來的(de)(de)一項掘進新技術,這種(zhong)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技術與傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技術有一定(ding)的(de)(de)差(cha)別,聚能(neng)(neng)管(guan)定(ding)向爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)原理是(shi)在(zai)巷道周邊(bian)眼中(zhong)(zhong),將炸裝在(zai)聚能(neng)(neng)管(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)起爆(bao)(bao)(bao),爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)時利用(yong)聚能(neng)(neng)管(guan)的(de)(de)聚能(neng)(neng)作用(yong),以(yi)減少裂隙的(de)(de)數(shu)量和控制優勢裂隙的(de)(de)發展(zhan)方向。