我國于(yu)1983年制定(ding)了《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑物巖(yan)行基(ji)礎開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范(fan)》(sD 121l一1983)。自此，在水(shui)利水(shui)電建(jian)設(she)中預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)與光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)已成為(wei)必(bi)須(xu)進(jin)行的(de)保護(hu)邊坡(po)(po)(po)(po)質量的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)。此后在此基(ji)礎上(shang)修(xiu)訂的(de)《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑物巖(yan)石基(ji)礎開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范(fan)》(SL 47一1994)以及在《水(shui)電水(shui)利爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5135—2001)和(he)《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑物巖(yan)石基(ji)礎開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5389～2007)中預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)與光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)均(jun)被(bei)編(bian)(bian)入并有所改進(jin)，DL／T 5135—2001正在修(xiu)編(bian)(bian)為(wei)DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道部(bu)也不(bu)僅規(gui)定(ding)了凡是Ⅲ級(ji)以上(shang)的(de)巖(yan)石邊坡(po)(po)(po)(po)，設(she)計邊坡(po)(po)(po)(po)坡(po)(po)(po)(po)度為(wei)1：0．1～1：0．75，在邊坡(po)(po)(po)(po)部(bu)位(wei)的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)設(she)計和(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)都應采(cai)用(yong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)或預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)，并闡(chan)述了光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)設(she)計的(de)原(yuan)則和(he)參數、安(an)全措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)，而(er)且(qie)還明確了路塹邊坡(po)(po)(po)(po)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)項(xiang)目質量驗收檢測數量和(he)檢測方(fang)法。無(wu)疑該規(gui)程的(de)實施(shi)(shi)(shi)，有力地(di)推(tui)動和(he)促進(jin)了光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)在鐵路建(jian)設(she)中的(de)應用(yong)與發展(zhan)。

各種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)器(qi)材銷毀以及爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)器(qi)材意外爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸時，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)源與人(ren)員(yuan)和(he)其他保(bao)護(hu)對象(xiang)之間的安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)稱為(wei)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)應(ying)取(qu)各種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)效(xiao)應(ying)（地(di)震(zhen)、沖(chong)(chong)(chong)擊波(bo)、飛(fei)石、有(you)(you)毒氣(qi)體等）分別核定(ding)的大值(zhi)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)時，必然產生爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)地(di)震(zhen)、空氣(qi)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)擊波(bo)、碎石飛(fei)散及有(you)(you)害氣(qi)體，因此，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)設計時必須確定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)危害范(fan)圍，并確定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)點到(dao)附近人(ren)員(yuan)、設備、建筑物及井巷(xiang)等的安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)，這一段距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)就稱為(wei)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)。如何控制好這段距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)就顯的尤為(wei)重要。為(wei)保(bao)證爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)地(di)點與人(ren)員(yuan)或其他應(ying)保(bao)護(hu)對象(xiang)之間必須保(bao)持短的相隔長度。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)有(you)(you)害效(xiao)應(ying)隨距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)的增加有(you)(you)規(gui)律(lv)地(di)衰減，用距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)作(zuo)為(wei)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)尺度可限定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)有(you)(you)害效(xiao)應(ying)在允許限度之內。中國《爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)規(gui)程(cheng)》規(gui)定(ding)了爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)地(di)震(zhen)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)，個別飛(fei)散物安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)，以及爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸沖(chong)(chong)(chong)擊波(bo)的安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)。

水壓爆破(po)(po)是在炮(pao)孔(kong)(kong)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)端填(tian)充水袋(dai)，中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)裝(zhuang)上乳化(hua)炸，炮(pao)孔(kong)(kong)再用(yong)(yong)炮(pao)泥封死，炮(pao)孔(kong)(kong)間(jian)距(ju)很(hen)大(da)，兩(liang)(liang)(liang)個(ge)炮(pao)空之間(jian)相距(ju)了一(yi)米(mi)左右，是常規爆破(po)(po)的(de)炮(pao)孔(kong)(kong)間(jian)距(ju)的(de)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)倍(bei)，這(zhe)樣(yang)可以節省炮(pao)孔(kong)(kong)材料，這(zhe)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)個(ge)凹槽(cao)又稱為聚(ju)能槽(cao)，聚(ju)能槽(cao)非(fei)常重(zhong)要(yao)，放置的(de)位置和方向都(dou)十(shi)(shi)分講究，一(yi)點也不能出錯，在爆破(po)(po)的(de)瞬間(jian)，高(gao)溫高(gao)壓聚(ju)能射流立即往(wang)凹槽(cao)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)邊的(de)巖石進(jin)行切割，巖石如同豆腐一(yi)樣(yang)輕松被(bei)(bei)切割切割出來的(de)輪廓線十(shi)(shi)分平順，效(xiao)果極好，聚(ju)能水壓爆破(po)(po)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)水袋(dai)沒有降(jiang)低爆破(po)(po)的(de)效(xiao)果，反而能保(bao)護隧(sui)道周邊植(zhi)被(bei)(bei)，減少地質(zhi)擾動(dong)，降(jiang)低煙塵，重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)是節省炸成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)，在未來這(zhe)項技術會(hui)廣泛應用(yong)(yong)于工(gong)(gong)程中(zhong)(zhong)，降(jiang)低施工(gong)(gong)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)。爆破(po)(po)聚(ju)能管水壓光面(mian)爆破(po)(po)較水壓光面(mian)爆破(po)(po)，在周邊眼單循環火工(gong)(gong)品使用(yong)(yong)量(liang)上節約(yue)費用(yong)(yong)8.3%，周邊眼鉆孔(kong)(kong)數量(liang)從39個(ge)下降(jiang)為23個(ge)費用(yong)(yong)節約(yue)41%，混凝土噴射每延米(mi)節約(yue)1.37立方米(mi)。

水壓光面(mian)爆破技(ji)術(shu)在隧(sui)道(dao)掘(jue)進(jin)作業中的(de)(de)實(shi)際應用。提升(sheng)光面(mian)爆破水平(ping)、嚴抓隧(sui)道(dao)超挖(wa)管(guan)控(kong)進(jin)行了介紹(shao)。聚能(neng)(neng)水壓光面(mian)爆破工(gong)藝技(ji)術(shu)很(hen)成熟、可(ke)操作性很(hen)強、材料成本很(hen)低、施工(gong)速度很(hen)快、節能(neng)(neng)環(huan)保效果很(hen)顯(xian)著、經(jing)濟效益(yi)社會效益(yi)很(hen)高(gao)(gao)。一是(shi)要(yao)(yao)提高(gao)(gao)對(dui)(dui)推(tui)廣該(gai)項技(ji)術(shu)重要(yao)(yao)性和(he)必然(ran)性的(de)(de)認識;二是(shi)要(yao)(yao)樹立(li)(li)必須采取聚能(neng)(neng)水壓光面(mian)爆破的(de)(de)意識;三(san)是(shi)要(yao)(yao)堅(jian)持培訓(xun)、示范、監(jian)督“三(san)位(wei)一體”;四是(shi)要(yao)(yao)制(zhi)定切實(shi)的(de)(de)獎懲(cheng)制(zhi)度;五是(shi)要(yao)(yao)建立(li)(li)檢查監(jian)督機制(zhi)，持續促進(jin)該(gai)項技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)深(shen)入(ru)推(tui)廣。在隧(sui)道(dao)施工(gong)的(de)(de)現場(chang)管(guan)理、科技(ji)創(chuang)新、人才培養、經(jing)濟效益(yi)等方面(mian)的(de)(de)不足。建議對(dui)(dui)施工(gong)一線(xian)基礎技(ji)術(shu)工(gong)作扎實(shi)推(tui)進(jin);對(dui)(dui)新工(gong)藝、先進(jin)工(gong)法要(yao)(yao)深(shen)入(ru)學習鉆(zhan)研;對(dui)(dui)消(xiao)極(ji)懈怠、故步自封的(de)(de)思想要(yao)(yao)堅(jian)決抵制(zhi)。

深孔爆破聚能管廠家對于爆破作業安全技術的研究,是從兩個方面去考慮的，一方面是炸和起爆器材以及對其爆炸所造成的破壞作用進行限制的安全技術,這是主動的。另一個方面是對爆破所產生的危害采取的防護措施,這是被動的一個方面。兩者對阻止爆破帶來的破壞性有同樣的重要性,但在具體的爆破工程中,則常常會有變化不定的現象和后果,因此,必須對每一項工程破壞的具體情況作細致的分析研究,從而采取適當的對策。同時，深孔爆破聚能管廠家雖然技術(shu)不斷(duan)取得進(jin)步，須在操作過程(cheng)中注意每個工序，按照安全規(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)認真作業。只(zhi)要嚴格遵守安全規(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)、正確地采取安全技術(shu)措施和防(fang)護(hu)措施,任何規(gui)(gui)(gui)模、任何種類(lei)的(de)爆破是(shi)可以(yi)確保安全的(de)。一(yi)些安全規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)條文是(shi)有經驗教(jiao)(jiao)訓和理論根據的(de)，有的(de)甚至(zhi)是(shi)血的(de)教(jiao)(jiao)訓的(de)總結，所以(yi)一(yi)定(ding)要克服麻(ma)痹思(si)想，嚴格執行安全規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)，決不能以(yi)沒出(chu)過事故而輕率地"突破"規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)"框(kuang)框(kuang)"。