給大家介紹下爆(bao)破(po)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管的(de)(de)技術原(yuan)理∶炸藥爆(bao)炸產生的(de)(de)爆(bao)轟波(bo)通過聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管的(de)(de)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽(cao)，將(jiang)炸藥的(de)(de)動(dong)能(neng)(neng)、勢能(neng)(neng)轉換成高(gao)壓(ya)、高(gao)速、高(gao)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)射流，切割演示成縫。射流在孔壁(bi)產生射流壓(ya)力(li)達7000MPa，巖(yan)石(shi)(shi)動(dong)載抗壓(ya)強度為(wei)200MPa，抗拉為(wei)1/8～1/10的(de)(de)抗壓(ya)強度，相鄰(lin)兩炮孔互(hu)為(wei)鄰(lin)空面，疊加后的(de)(de)壓(ya)縮波(bo)變(bian)為(wei)稀疏波(bo)，在兩炮眼連線(xian)上使巖(yan)石(shi)(shi)結構(gou)斷(duan)裂(lie)，形成裂(lie)紋。準(zhun)靜態氣(qi)體膨脹，靜態壓(ya)力(li)在兩炮孔最短(duan)連線(xian)兩側產生拉力(li)使巖(yan)石(shi)(shi)裂(lie)縫進一步擴展。根據爆(bao)破(po)應力(li)集中氣(qi)刃(ren)作用原(yuan)則，爆(bao)破(po)氣(qi)體沿裂(lie)縫進一步擴大貫通，拋(pao)落(luo)巖(yan)石(shi)(shi)。

我國20世紀(ji)60年(nian)代利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)斷(duan)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)力學(xue)對巖石損傷引起的(de)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)紋擴展進行(xing)過試(shi)驗研究(jiu)，為(wei)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)到(dao)工(gong)(gong)程做(zuo)了不少理論(lun)分析，也(ye)取得一些(xie)進展。80年(nian)代中期(qi)開(kai)始進行(xing)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)研究(jiu)，以(yi)北京(jing)礦業(ye)學(xue)院為(wei)代表，著重(zhong)研究(jiu)了聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)藥包切割(ge)饑理和應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。1987年(nian)淮南(nan)礦業(ye)學(xue)院取得“雙面切割(ge)器”的(de)zhuanli，1995年(nian)又取得“大理石花崗(gang)巖切割(ge)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)”zhuanli。1991年(nian)中國水(shui)電七局曾試(shi)圖采用(yong)(yong)(yong)硬質(zhi)紙加(jia)工(gong)(gong)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)藥管成形聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)藥卷(juan)做(zuo)過聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)預裂(lie)(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)試(shi)驗研究(jiu)，但(dan)終因當時的(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)及工(gong)(gong)藝水(shui)平的(de)限制無法用(yong)(yong)(yong)于正常(chang)施工(gong)(gong)，但(dan)是他們(men)開(kai)了橢圓雙極線性聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)結構試(shi)驗的(de)先河。雙聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)預裂(lie)(lie)(lie)與光面爆(bao)(bao)破(po)綜合(he)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)開(kai)創輪(lun)廓控制爆(bao)(bao)破(po)新(xin)時代。

煙臺礦用型聚能管發揮巨大效力的關鍵又在其上面的“聚能槽”上。項目部目前采用的聚能管有兩個“聚能槽”，通過這兩個聚能槽的作用讓爆炸的威力在隧道中切割出十分平順的輪廓線，的控制了爆破量，有效管控了超挖欠挖的現象。為了進一步嚴格控制開挖輪廓，達到提高光面爆破效果的目的，并研究出了聚能管上兩個“聚能槽”變為三個“聚能槽”的發明設計，目前，礦用型聚能管公司該發明設計已經(jing)(jing)(jing)進(jin)入(ru)到了試(shi)生(sheng)產階段。未來，三(san)“聚(ju)能槽”設計的聚(ju)能水壓爆破(po)技術將推(tui)動中(zhong)(zhong)鐵十四(si)局四(si)公(gong)司張(zhang)吉懷鐵路項目(mu)部施工開展邁(mai)上一個(ge)新的臺(tai)階，給(gei)項目(mu)部帶來巨大(da)的經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟效益。工程爆破(po)技術經(jing)(jing)(jing)過幾十年的發展，已經(jing)(jing)(jing)滲(shen)透(tou)到經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟建設的眾多領(ling)域，特別為中(zhong)(zhong)國的鐵路建設、礦(kuang)山開采、城市拆舊定向爆破(po)等(deng)做出(chu)了重要貢獻。

我國于1983年制定了《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)物巖(yan)(yan)行基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)(chu)(chu)開挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(sD 121l一(yi)1983)。自(zi)此，在(zai)水(shui)(shui)利水(shui)(shui)電(dian)建(jian)(jian)設中預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)與(yu)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)已成為(wei)(wei)(wei)必須(xu)進行的保護邊坡質(zhi)量的爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)開挖(wa)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)措施(shi)。此后在(zai)此基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)(chu)(chu)上修訂(ding)的《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)物巖(yan)(yan)石基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)(chu)(chu)開挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(SL 47一(yi)1994)以(yi)及(ji)在(zai)《水(shui)(shui)電(dian)水(shui)(shui)利爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5135—2001)和《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)物巖(yan)(yan)石基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)(chu)(chu)開挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5389～2007)中預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)與(yu)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)均被(bei)編入(ru)并有所改進，DL／T 5135—2001正在(zai)修編為(wei)(wei)(wei)DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道部也不僅(jin)規(gui)(gui)定了凡是Ⅲ級以(yi)上的巖(yan)(yan)石邊坡，設計(ji)邊坡坡度為(wei)(wei)(wei)1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)邊坡部位的爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)設計(ji)和施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)都(dou)應(ying)采用光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)或預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)，并闡述了光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)設計(ji)的原(yuan)則和參數(shu)、安(an)全措施(shi)，而(er)且還明(ming)確了路塹邊坡光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)項目質(zhi)量驗收檢測(ce)數(shu)量和檢測(ce)方法(fa)。無疑該規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)的實(shi)施(shi)，有力地推動和促進了光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)在(zai)鐵路建(jian)(jian)設中的應(ying)用與(yu)發展。

采用一種抗(kang)靜電阻燃的(de)(de)特種塑料(liao)管(guan)、異(yi)形雙槽(cao)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)，根據(ju)炮眼深度可(ke)長(chang)可(ke)短。是兩(liang)個(ge)相似(si)半(ban)壁管(guan)組成(cheng)，半(ban)壁管(guan)中央有(you)個(ge)凹進去(qu)的(de)(de)槽(cao)叫做'聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)槽(cao)"，使(shi)用聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)光面爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)成(cheng)型效(xiao)果好，開挖輪(lun)廓線平順整齊(qi)，圍(wei)巖(yan)擾動(dong)減(jian)少、超欠挖明(ming)顯(xian)改(gai)善(shan)，有(you)利(li)于支護工(gong)(gong)序施工(gong)(gong)，同(tong)時混凝土回(hui)填成(cheng)本大(da)(da)(da)為降(jiang)低。鑿孔(kong)(kong)率減(jian)少30%，大(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)降(jiang)低了(le)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)作業(ye)工(gong)(gong)班的(de)(de)勞動(dong)量(liang)(liang):鉆(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)縮短30分鐘、少打眼、出渣量(liang)(liang)減(jian)少，降(jiang)低了(le)材料(liao)成(cheng)本、減(jian)少工(gong)(gong)時消耗、勞動(dong)效(xiao)率明(ming)顯(xian)提高，周邊眼爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)成(cheng)本降(jiang)低30%以(yi)上，半(ban)眼痕保留率高達85%以(yi)上。pvc爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)主要(yao)應用于隧(sui)道、煤礦、鐵礦等需要(yao)進行光面爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)施工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)。采用聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)的(de)(de)光面爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)可(ke)減(jian)少鉆(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)，擴大(da)(da)(da)孔(kong)(kong)距，減(jian)少導爆(bao)(bao)管(guan)用量(liang)(liang)，減(jian)少超挖，減(jian)少噴(pen)漿，提高半(ban)孔(kong)(kong)率，既節省了(le)成(cheng)本又(you)提高了(le)施工(gong)(gong)效(xiao)率。

光面(mian)爆破技術(shu)優勢(shi)：相對于(yu)傳統爆破工藝，聚能管光面(mian)爆破比常(chang)規爆破具有以(yi)(yi)下優勢(shi)∶少(shao)(shao)打眼，少(shao)(shao)裝(zhuang)藥。節約周邊鉆孔(kong)(kong)量50%，總(zong)鉆孔(kong)(kong)進(jin)(jin)尺減少(shao)(shao)30%；節約炸(zha)藥10～20%，雷(lei)管30%。節約噴漿(jiang)料15-20%。節省(sheng)時(shi)間∶每循環鉆孔(kong)(kong)、裝(zhuang)藥、噴漿(jiang)時(shi)間1.5-2.0小時(shi)。在安全方(fang)(fang)面(mian)利用水沙袋替代炮(pao)(pao)泥，以(yi)(yi)避免(mian)搗炮(pao)(pao)泥損毀(hui)電雷(lei)管導線，造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)瞎炮(pao)(pao)。大(da)大(da)減少(shao)(shao)對圍巖擾動，光面(mian)效(xiao)果好，巖性(xing)條件差情況下可以(yi)(yi)大(da)大(da)減少(shao)(shao)超挖量，控制巷(xiang)道成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)；巖性(xing)完整無(wu)節理情況下眼痕(hen)率(lv)可以(yi)(yi)達到(dao)90%以(yi)(yi)上(shang)，巷(xiang)道成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)好，穩定性(xing)強。布(bu)孔(kong)(kong)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)優化成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)多排(pai)掏槽布(bu)孔(kong)(kong)，單次掘進(jin)(jin)深度可以(yi)(yi)優化提高10%到(dao)15%不等。由于(yu)炮(pao)(pao)孔(kong)(kong)數量大(da)大(da)減少(shao)(shao)可以(yi)(yi)考慮一起全斷面(mian)起爆，節省(sheng)放炮(pao)(pao)時(shi)間。