在工程爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中，常用(yong)的(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、導火(huo)索(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)(guan)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能使雷(lei)管(guan)(guan)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸，進而起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸藥的(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)芳(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。它所需的(de)器材有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷(lei)管(guan)(guan)、導線和起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路的(de)連接(jie)形式，要根據爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)規模、工程的(de)重(zhong)要性、所選(xuan)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)及其起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)能力(li)(li)等(deng)進行選(xuan)擇(ze)，基本連接(jie)方(fang)式有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)：串(chuan)聯(lian)、并(bing)聯(lian)、串(chuan)并(bing)聯(lian)和并(bing)串(chuan)聯(lian)等(deng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)較(jiao)安全、可靠(kao)、準(zhun)確、高效等(deng)優點，在國內外仍占有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)較(jiao)大比(bi)重(zhong)。在大、中型爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中，主要仍是(shi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。特別是(shi)在有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)瓦斯、礦塵爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸的(de)環(huan)境中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)是(shi)主要的(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。但電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)容易受各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信號(hao)的(de)干擾而發(fa)生早爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，因此在有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)雜散(san)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、射頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、高壓感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)環(huan)境中，不能使用(yong)普(pu)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷(lei)管(guan)(guan)。

給大家介(jie)紹下爆(bao)破聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管的技術原(yuan)理∶炸藥(yao)爆(bao)炸產生(sheng)(sheng)的爆(bao)轟波通(tong)過(guo)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管的聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽，將炸藥(yao)的動(dong)(dong)能(neng)(neng)、勢能(neng)(neng)轉換成高壓(ya)、高速(su)、高能(neng)(neng)的射流，切割演示成縫(feng)(feng)(feng)。射流在(zai)孔壁產生(sheng)(sheng)射流壓(ya)力(li)達7000MPa，巖(yan)石(shi)動(dong)(dong)載(zai)抗壓(ya)強度為200MPa，抗拉(la)為1/8～1/10的抗壓(ya)強度，相鄰(lin)兩(liang)炮(pao)(pao)孔互(hu)為鄰(lin)空面(mian)，疊加(jia)后(hou)的壓(ya)縮(suo)波變(bian)為稀疏波，在(zai)兩(liang)炮(pao)(pao)眼連(lian)線上使巖(yan)石(shi)結構(gou)斷裂，形成裂紋。準靜態氣(qi)體膨脹，靜態壓(ya)力(li)在(zai)兩(liang)炮(pao)(pao)孔最短連(lian)線兩(liang)側產生(sheng)(sheng)拉(la)力(li)使巖(yan)石(shi)裂縫(feng)(feng)(feng)進一步擴展。根據爆(bao)破應力(li)集(ji)中氣(qi)刃(ren)作用原(yuan)則，爆(bao)破氣(qi)體沿裂縫(feng)(feng)(feng)進一步擴大貫通(tong)，拋落巖(yan)石(shi)。

火索起爆法，導火索起爆法是利用導火索傳遞火焰點燃火雷管進而起爆炸藥。這種起爆法所需的材料有：導火索、火雷管和點火材料。專業多向聚能管導火索起爆法操作簡單、靈活，使用方便，成本較低，廣泛應用于小型爆破和掘進。由于導火索的速燃、緩燃等弊病，在爆破中事故所占比重最大。不能多處裝藥同時起爆。導爆索起爆法，多向聚能管價格用(yong)導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)直接起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸藥包的方法(fa)(fa)叫導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)。先用(yong)雷(lei)管(guan)(guan)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)，當導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)的爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)轟波(bo)傳至炸藥包時，將(jiang)炸藥引爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。在需(xu)(xu)要延時分段起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的地方，將(jiang)導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)中接入繼爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)(guan)，就能達到導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)毫秒爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破的目的。這(zhe)種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破法(fa)(fa)所需(xu)(xu)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)材料有：雷(lei)管(guan)(guan)、導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)和繼爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)(guan)等(deng)。導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路常用(yong)的有：串聯(lian)(lian)、簇(cu)并聯(lian)(lian)、單向分段并聯(lian)(lian)和雙向分段并聯(lian)(lian)等(deng)。

施(shi)工(gong)因其復雜性(xing)、專(zhuan)(zhuan)業性(xing)、危(wei)險(xian)性(xing)，稍有(you)不(bu)慎，將對人民的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)命財產(chan)(chan)(chan)安(an)全(quan)造(zao)成不(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)估(gu)(gu)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)失，例如廣東宏大寧夏“10.16”、山東保利“5.20”等(deng)重大安(an)全(quan)事(shi)故。因此，相較(jiao)其他(ta)行業，國(guo)家出(chu)臺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相關(guan)法(fa)律法(fa)規(gui)多、專(zhuan)(zhuan)、嚴(yan)，從爆破(po)材(cai)料（炸(zha)藥、雷管、導(dao)爆索?管?及相關(guan)材(cai)料）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)、購進、運(yun)輸(shu)、儲(chu)存(cun)、發放、布網、連接、起爆、排爆等(deng)一系(xi)列程序均(jun)有(you)嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律規(gui)定和科學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)操作規(gui)程，并(bing)且相關(guan)從業單位和人員均(jun)應取(qu)得相應資質。做為(wei)各(ge)類爆破(po)中不(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)或(huo)缺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種導(dao)線(xian)(xian)，特(te)別(bie)不(bu)同(tong)于一般的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)纜，其質量要(yao)求及各(ge)項技術(shu)參數也(ye)與普通電(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)纜不(bu)同(tong)。部分家庭作坊式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)纜廠無(wu)科學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)工(gong)藝、無(wu)基本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)測(ce)設(she)備、無(wu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)人員，甚至不(bu)知道爆破(po)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量要(yao)求和技術(shu)參數，更(geng)不(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)能制訂自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企業標準，僅憑(ping)簡陋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)備、以(yi)粗糙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模仿(fang)進行生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)經營(ying)活(huo)動，致使市場(chang)充(chong)斥著假冒偽劣產(chan)(chan)(chan)品，導(dao)致爆破(po)中提前或(huo)延(yan)遲起爆、盲炮增加且強制排爆困難，給(gei)人身安(an)全(quan)和財產(chan)(chan)(chan)以(yi)及正常(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)經營(ying)活(huo)動造(zao)成了不(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)估(gu)(gu)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)失。

我(wo)國于1983年制定了《水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑物(wu)巖(yan)行基礎(chu)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)規(gui)范》(sD 121l一(yi)1983)。自此，在水(shui)(shui)(shui)利水(shui)(shui)(shui)電建設中預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)與光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)已成為(wei)必須進行的保(bao)護邊坡(po)質量(liang)的爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)技術(shu)措施(shi)。此后(hou)在此基礎(chu)上修訂(ding)的《水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑物(wu)巖(yan)石基礎(chu)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)規(gui)范》(SL 47一(yi)1994)以及在《水(shui)(shui)(shui)電水(shui)(shui)(shui)利爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)規(gui)范》(DL／T 5135—2001)和(he)《水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑物(wu)巖(yan)石基礎(chu)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)規(gui)范》(DL／T 5389～2007)中預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)與光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)均(jun)被編入并有所改進，DL／T 5135—2001正在修編為(wei)DL／T 5135—2012。鐵(tie)道部(bu)也(ye)不(bu)僅規(gui)定了凡是(shi)Ⅲ級以上的巖(yan)石邊坡(po)，設計(ji)邊坡(po)坡(po)度為(wei)1：0．1～1：0．75，在邊坡(po)部(bu)位的爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)設計(ji)和(he)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)都(dou)應采用光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)或預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，并闡述了光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)設計(ji)的原則和(he)參數(shu)(shu)、安全措施(shi)，而且還明確了路塹邊坡(po)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)項目質量(liang)驗收檢測數(shu)(shu)量(liang)和(he)檢測方(fang)法。無疑該規(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)的實施(shi)，有力地推(tui)動和(he)促(cu)進了光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技術(shu)在鐵(tie)路建設中的應用與發(fa)展。