預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)與光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)技術的(de)歷史與現狀：預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)是(shi)沿設(she)計(ji)開(kai)(kai)挖邊(bian)(bian)界(jie)布置密(mi)集炮孔(kong)(kong)，采取不(bu)耦(ou)合裝藥(yao)或(huo)裝填(tian)低威力炸藥(yao)，在(zai)(zai)主(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)之(zhi)前起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，從而在(zai)(zai)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)與保留區(qu)之(zhi)間形(xing)成(cheng)預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)縫(feng)，以(yi)減弱(ruo)主(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)對保留巖體(ti)的(de)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)壞并形(xing)成(cheng)平整(zheng)輪廓面(mian)的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)作(zuo)業(ye)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)是(shi)沿設(she)計(ji)開(kai)(kai)挖邊(bian)(bian)界(jie)布設(she)密(mi)集炮孔(kong)(kong)，采用不(bu)耦(ou)合裝藥(yao)或(huo)裝填(tian)低威力炸藥(yao)，在(zai)(zai)主(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)之(zhi)后起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)以(yi)形(xing)成(cheng)平整(zheng)的(de)開(kai)(kai)挖輪廓面(mian)的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)作(zuo)業(ye)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)技術的(de)發展是(shi)先出(chu)現光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)，然后衍生發展為預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)。聚能管國(guo)內歷史與現狀，我國(guo)于1964～1965年在(zai)(zai)湖(hu)北陸水水電站施工中做過淺孔(kong)(kong)預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)試(shi)驗，1965年鐵道部門在(zai)(zai)成(cheng)昆鐵路(lu)建設(she)中開(kai)(kai)始試(shi)驗光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)，1977年在(zai)(zai)西延線張家船(chuan)工點，全長近(jin)200m的(de)2000m2路(lu)塹(qian)邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)全部采用光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)后邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)平整(zheng)穩定，殘留的(de)半孔(kong)(kong)清晰(xi)可見，是(shi)鐵路(lu)建設(she)中采用路(lu)塹(qian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)。

水壓光面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)技(ji)術，是在(zai)水壓光面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)技(ji)術基礎上發(fa)展(zhan)起來的(de)一(yi)項新技(ji)術，其掏槽眼、輔助眼裝(zhuang)藥結(jie)構(gou)和(he)爆(bao)破(po)方式與水壓光面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)相同，但在(zai)周邊眼中安裝(zhuang)專(zhuan)(zhuan)用聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)管裝(zhuang)置替代常規爆(bao)破(po)藥卷和(he)傳爆(bao)線，利用聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)管產生的(de)粒(li)子(zi)射流(liu)動能(neng)(neng)(neng)、高(gao)壓爆(bao)破(po)氣體應(ying)力及“氣楔”作用，形成平整圓順的(de)開(kai)挖輪(lun)廓面(mian)，對控制超欠(qian)挖具有良好(hao)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)果，有效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)提升(sheng)了隧道施工(gong)質量(liang)、進度(du)和(he)經濟效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)益。科學合理(li)地利用能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)，提高(gao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)利用效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率，對節能(neng)(neng)(neng)減排(pai)也十(shi)分重要。利用聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)管兩端的(de)水平開(kai)出的(de)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽產生的(de)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)射流(liu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)對巖石進行(xing)破(po)碎。據專(zhuan)(zhuan)家測算，由于聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)管兩端聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽產生的(de)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)切(qie)割效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)，其能(neng)(neng)(neng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)比提升(sheng)一(yi)個量(liang)級。

專業c型聚能管光面爆破技術優勢：相對于傳統爆破工藝，聚能管光面爆破比常規爆破具有以下優勢∶少打眼，少裝藥。節約周邊鉆孔量50%，總鉆孔進尺減少30%；節約炸藥10～20%，雷管30%。節約噴漿料15-20%。節省時間∶每循環鉆孔、裝藥、噴漿時間1.5-2.0小時。c型聚能管價格在安全方面(mian)利用水沙袋替(ti)代炮(pao)(pao)(pao)泥，以(yi)避免搗(dao)炮(pao)(pao)(pao)泥損毀電雷管(guan)導線，造成瞎炮(pao)(pao)(pao)。大(da)大(da)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)對圍巖(yan)擾(rao)動，光(guang)面(mian)效果好，巖(yan)性(xing)條件差情況(kuang)下(xia)可(ke)以(yi)大(da)大(da)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)超挖量，控制(zhi)巷(xiang)道成型(xing)；巖(yan)性(xing)完整無節理情況(kuang)下(xia)眼痕率可(ke)以(yi)達到90%以(yi)上(shang)，巷(xiang)道成型(xing)好，穩定性(xing)強。布孔方式優化(hua)成多排掏槽(cao)布孔，單次(ci)掘進深度可(ke)以(yi)優化(hua)提高10%到15%不(bu)等(deng)。由(you)于炮(pao)(pao)(pao)孔數量大(da)大(da)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)可(ke)以(yi)考慮(lv)一起全斷面(mian)起爆(bao)，節省放炮(pao)(pao)(pao)時(shi)間(jian)。

不(bu)成功的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)例是(shi)(shi)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)，如爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)而不(bu)倒(dao)、實施(shi)(shi)定(ding)向爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)后沒(mei)有(you)按爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)方案(an)(an)的(de)(de)(de)方向倒(dao)塌等等。這些事(shi)(shi)例警示:從(cong)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)設計、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)器材質量、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)到起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網(wang)路連接(jie)等，只要(yao)(yao)有(you)一(yi)個環(huan)節出現失誤，都(dou)將影響爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)效果，乃至造成嚴重的(de)(de)(de)后果。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)作(zuo)(zuo)業無論(lun)是(shi)(shi)老舊建(jian)筑物(wu)本身還是(shi)(shi)周圍環(huan)境都(dou)十分(fen)復雜，這不(bu)僅(jin)要(yao)(yao)求認真調(diao)查(cha)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)體的(de)(de)(de)結構(gou)(包括(kuo)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)缺陷)，分(fen)析受力狀況，同(tong)時還要(yao)(yao)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)采取(qu)技術措施(shi)(shi)(如預(yu)處理、嵌補、支(zhi)撐等)的(de)(de)(de)可靠和安全(quan)性進(jin)行(xing)分(fen)析，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)可能出現的(de)(de)(de)意外情況，應預(yu)先制定(ding)應急(ji)方案(an)(an)，努力避(bi)免(mian)安全(quan)事(shi)(shi)故和不(bu)必(bi)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)損失。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)保性越來越受到人們(men)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)注，同(tong)時，探(tan)索無公害的(de)(de)(de)拆除爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)技術，一(yi)直是(shi)(shi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)者(zhe)追求的(de)(de)(de)目標(biao)。設立掩(yan)蔽體對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)物(wu)體加以保護，簡單的(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa)是(shi)(shi)用(yong)草袋、竹(zhu)笆一(yi)類材料覆(fu)蓋在需要(yao)(yao)保護的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)體上面;對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)房屋和機(ji)器設備(bei)常(chang)要(yao)(yao)在迎面和頂部豎立排架，用(yong)木板或荊笆上罩鐵絲(si)網(wang)，抵御較多的(de)(de)(de)飛(fei)石和較強的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)氣沖擊(ji)波的(de)(de)(de)打(da)擊(ji);對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)某(mou)些重要(yao)(yao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑物(wu)打(da)防震孔或者(zhe)用(yong)預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)將爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)區和被保護的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑物(wu)或工(gong)(gong)(gong)程設施(shi)(shi)隔離開來。

水壓(ya)(ya)光面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)較水壓(ya)(ya)光面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)，在周(zhou)邊(bian)眼單循環(huan)火工(gong)(gong)品使用(yong)(yong)量上節(jie)約(yue)(yue)(yue)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)8.3%，周(zhou)邊(bian)眼鉆孔數(shu)(shu)量從39個下降(jiang)為23個費(fei)用(yong)(yong)節(jie)約(yue)(yue)(yue)41%，混凝土噴射每延米(mi)節(jie)約(yue)(yue)(yue)1.37立方米(mi)。水壓(ya)(ya)光面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)比水壓(ya)(ya)光面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)每循環(huan)節(jie)約(yue)(yue)(yue)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)258.4元，即每延米(mi)節(jie)約(yue)(yue)(yue)76較元，節(jie)約(yue)(yue)(yue)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)比例(li)達32%。此外，聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管水壓(ya)(ya)光面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)能(neng)(neng)(neng)有(you)效(xiao)降(jiang)低(di)隧道內石渣塊度(du)和粉(fen)塵含量，還可(ke)使通風時(shi)間有(you)效(xiao)縮(suo)短33%。聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管光面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)技術(shu)(shu)很(hen)(hen)(hen)成熟(shu)、可(ke)操作性很(hen)(hen)(hen)強、材料成本很(hen)(hen)(hen)低(di)、施工(gong)(gong)速(su)度(du)很(hen)(hen)(hen)快、節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)環(huan)保效(xiao)果很(hen)(hen)(hen)顯著、經濟效(xiao)益社會(hui)效(xiao)益很(hen)(hen)(hen)高。聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管定(ding)向爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技術(shu)(shu)是近幾年發(fa)展(zhan)起來的一項掘進新技術(shu)(shu),這(zhe)種爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技術(shu)(shu)與傳統的光面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技術(shu)(shu)有(you)一定(ding)的差別,聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管定(ding)向爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)原理(li)是在巷道周(zhou)邊(bian)眼中,將炸裝在聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管中起爆(bao)(bao),爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)時(shi)利用(yong)(yong)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管的聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)作用(yong)(yong),以(yi)減少裂隙的數(shu)(shu)量和控制優(you)勢(shi)裂隙的發(fa)展(zhan)方向。

水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)破(po)(po)技術(shu)基礎上發(fa)展起(qi)來的一項新技術(shu)，其掏槽(cao)眼(yan)、輔助(zhu)眼(yan)裝藥結構和爆(bao)破(po)(po)方(fang)式與水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)破(po)(po)相同，但(dan)在周邊眼(yan)中安裝專用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)線性聚(ju)能藥管替(ti)代常規爆(bao)破(po)(po)藥卷和傳爆(bao)線，利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)線性聚(ju)能藥管產生(sheng)的粒子射(she)流動能、高壓(ya)(ya)爆(bao)破(po)(po)氣(qi)體應力及“氣(qi)楔”作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，形成平整圓順的開挖輪(lun)廓面，對控制超(chao)欠(qian)挖具(ju)有(you)良好(hao)效果(guo)，有(you)效提升了隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)施工質量(liang)、進度和經(jing)濟(ji)效益。水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)破(po)(po)較水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)破(po)(po)，在周邊眼(yan)單循環火工品使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)上節(jie)約費(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)8.3%，周邊眼(yan)鉆(zhan)孔數量(liang)從(cong)39個(ge)下降為23個(ge)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)節(jie)約41%，混凝土噴射(she)每延米(mi)(mi)節(jie)約1.37立方(fang)米(mi)(mi)。聚(ju)能水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)破(po)(po)比水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)破(po)(po)每循環節(jie)約費(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)258.4元，即每延米(mi)(mi)節(jie)約76較元，節(jie)約費(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)比例達32%。此外，聚(ju)能水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)破(po)(po)能有(you)效降低(di)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)內石渣塊度和粉(fen)塵(chen)含量(liang)，還可使(shi)通風時間有(you)效縮短33%。