在工程爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破中(zhong)，常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)有(you)：電(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、導火索起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)(guan)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。電(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)是利用(yong)電(dian)能使雷管(guan)(guan)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)，進而起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)藥的(de)(de)(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)芳法(fa)(fa)(fa)。它所(suo)(suo)需(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)器材有(you)：電(dian)雷管(guan)(guan)、導線和起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)源。電(dian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網(wang)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)連接形(xing)式，要(yao)根據(ju)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破規模(mo)、工程的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)性、所(suo)(suo)選(xuan)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)源及其起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)能力(li)等(deng)進行選(xuan)擇(ze)，基(ji)本連接方(fang)式有(you)：串(chuan)聯(lian)(lian)、并聯(lian)(lian)、串(chuan)并聯(lian)(lian)和并串(chuan)聯(lian)(lian)等(deng)。電(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)具(ju)有(you)較安全、可靠、準(zhun)確、高(gao)效等(deng)優點，在國內外仍(reng)占(zhan)有(you)較大比重。在大、中(zhong)型爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破中(zhong)，主要(yao)仍(reng)是用(yong)電(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。特別是在有(you)瓦斯、礦塵爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境中(zhong)，電(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)是主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。但電(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)容易受各種電(dian)信號(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)干(gan)擾而發生早爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，因(yin)此在有(you)雜散電(dian)、靜電(dian)、雷電(dian)、射頻電(dian)、高(gao)壓感(gan)應電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境中(zhong)，不(bu)能使用(yong)普通(tong)電(dian)雷管(guan)(guan)。

各種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)器材(cai)銷毀以(yi)及爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)器材(cai)意外爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸時，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)源與人員(yuan)和(he)其他(ta)保護對(dui)象之間的(de)(de)安全(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)稱為爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安全(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安全(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)應(ying)取各種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)效(xiao)應(ying)（地(di)(di)震、沖(chong)擊波、飛石(shi)、有(you)(you)毒氣體等(deng)）分別核定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)大值。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)時，必然產生爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)地(di)(di)震、空氣沖(chong)擊波、碎石(shi)飛散(san)及有(you)(you)害(hai)(hai)氣體，因(yin)此，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)設計時必須確(que)定(ding)(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)危害(hai)(hai)范圍，并(bing)確(que)定(ding)(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)點到附(fu)近人員(yuan)、設備、建筑(zhu)物(wu)及井巷等(deng)的(de)(de)安全(quan)(quan)，這一段距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)就(jiu)(jiu)稱為爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安全(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)。如何控制好這段距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)就(jiu)(jiu)顯的(de)(de)尤為重要。為保證爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安全(quan)(quan)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)地(di)(di)點與人員(yuan)或其他(ta)應(ying)保護對(dui)象之間必須保持(chi)短(duan)的(de)(de)相隔長(chang)度。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)有(you)(you)害(hai)(hai)效(xiao)應(ying)隨(sui)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)的(de)(de)增加有(you)(you)規(gui)律(lv)地(di)(di)衰減，用距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)作為安全(quan)(quan)尺度可限定(ding)(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)有(you)(you)害(hai)(hai)效(xiao)應(ying)在(zai)允許限度之內。中國《爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安全(quan)(quan)規(gui)程》規(gui)定(ding)(ding)了(le)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)地(di)(di)震安全(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)，個別飛散(san)物(wu)安全(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)，以(yi)及爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸沖(chong)擊波的(de)(de)安全(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)。

施(shi)工(gong)工(gong)藝嚴格遵循(xun)六(liu)字方針(掛滿(man)、貼緊、對(dui)準)：(1)要保證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)打眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)質量,炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)必須(xu)按(an)技(ji)術(shu)要求(qiu)合理布置(zhi)。(2)要保證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)掏(tao)槽眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)以及其他(ta)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)打眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)質量,一(yi)定(ding)(ding)要在規定(ding)(ding)位置(zhi)上打眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan);二要保證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)深度(du)和(he)角度(du)。(3)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)裝(zhuang)藥(yao)時(shi),要保證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)乳化(hua)炸藥(yao)在聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)中空內壁中填充飽滿(man)不(bu)(bu)得(de)有空隙出現時(shi)以產生(sheng)拒爆(bao)。(4)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)在炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)中裝(zhuang)填時(shi),要保證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)兩(liang)條聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)槽指向巷道輪廓線方向并且各個(ge)炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)槽軸線方面要保證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)相互連接(jie)在隧道輪廓線上。否(fou)則成(cheng)型效果不(bu)(bu)僅(jin)不(bu)(bu)好(hao),反而更(geng)差(cha)。(5)保證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)堵塞質量。(6)放炮(pao)員應提前(qian)按(an)規定(ding)(ding)裝(zhuang)好(hao)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)炸藥(yao),并做(zuo)好(hao)準備工(gong)作。試用(yong)范圍(wei):一(yi)級(ji)至五級(ji)圍(wei)巖的(de)光面爆(bao)破工(gong)程。

我國于1983年制定了《水工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)(wu)巖行基礎(chu)開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)》(sD 121l一(yi)1983)。自此，在(zai)(zai)水利水電建(jian)設(she)中預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)與光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)已成為必須進行的(de)(de)保護邊坡質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)開(kai)挖技(ji)術(shu)措施(shi)(shi)。此后在(zai)(zai)此基礎(chu)上修訂的(de)(de)《水工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)(wu)巖石(shi)基礎(chu)開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)》(SL 47一(yi)1994)以及在(zai)(zai)《水電水利爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)》(DL／T 5135—2001)和(he)《水工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)(wu)巖石(shi)基礎(chu)開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)》(DL／T 5389～2007)中預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)與光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)均(jun)被編入并有所(suo)改進，DL／T 5135—2001正在(zai)(zai)修編為DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道部也不僅(jin)規(gui)定了凡(fan)是(shi)Ⅲ級以上的(de)(de)巖石(shi)邊坡，設(she)計邊坡坡度為1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)(zai)邊坡部位的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)設(she)計和(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)都應(ying)采用(yong)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)或預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，并闡述了光(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)設(she)計的(de)(de)原(yuan)則和(he)參(can)數、安(an)全措施(shi)(shi)，而且還明(ming)確(que)了路(lu)塹(qian)邊坡光(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)項(xiang)目質(zhi)量(liang)驗收(shou)檢(jian)測數量(liang)和(he)檢(jian)測方法。無疑該規(gui)程的(de)(de)實施(shi)(shi)，有力地推(tui)動(dong)和(he)促進了光(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)在(zai)(zai)鐵路(lu)建(jian)設(she)中的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)與發展。

專業深孔爆破多向聚能管水壓光面爆破技術，是在水壓光面爆破技術基礎上發展起來的一項新技術，其掏槽眼、輔助眼裝藥結構和爆破方式與水壓光面爆破相同，但在周邊眼中安裝專用聚能管裝置替代常規爆破藥卷和傳爆線，利用聚能管產生的粒子射流動能、高壓爆破氣體應力及“氣楔”作用，形成平整圓順的開挖輪廓面，對控制超欠挖具有良好效果，有效提升了隧道施工質量、進度和經濟效益。清遠深孔爆破多向聚能管科學合(he)理地(di)利用能(neng)源(yuan)，提高能(neng)源(yuan)利用效率(lv)，對節(jie)能(neng)減(jian)排也十分重(zhong)要。利用聚(ju)能(neng)管兩端的(de)(de)水平開出的(de)(de)聚(ju)能(neng)槽產生(sheng)的(de)(de)聚(ju)能(neng)射流效應對巖石進行破碎(sui)。據專家測算，由于聚(ju)能(neng)管兩端聚(ju)能(neng)槽產生(sheng)的(de)(de)聚(ju)能(neng)切割效應，其(qi)能(neng)效比提升(sheng)一個量(liang)級。

水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光面(mian)爆破(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術基礎上(shang)發(fa)展(zhan)起(qi)來的(de)一項新技(ji)術，其掏(tao)槽眼(yan)、輔助(zhu)眼(yan)裝藥(yao)結構(gou)和爆破(po)(po)(po)方式與(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光面(mian)爆破(po)(po)(po)相同，但在周(zhou)邊眼(yan)中安裝專(zhuan)用線(xian)性聚(ju)(ju)能藥(yao)管替代常規爆破(po)(po)(po)藥(yao)卷(juan)和傳(chuan)爆線(xian)，利用線(xian)性聚(ju)(ju)能藥(yao)管產(chan)生的(de)粒子射(she)流動(dong)能、高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)爆破(po)(po)(po)氣體應力(li)及“氣楔”作用，形成平整圓順(shun)的(de)開挖輪廓面(mian)，對控制超欠挖具有良好效果，有效提升了隧(sui)道(dao)施工(gong)質量、進(jin)度和經濟效益。水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光面(mian)爆破(po)(po)(po)較水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光面(mian)爆破(po)(po)(po)，在周(zhou)邊眼(yan)單循環(huan)(huan)火工(gong)品使用量上(shang)節(jie)約(yue)費(fei)用8.3%，周(zhou)邊眼(yan)鉆孔數量從39個下降為23個費(fei)用節(jie)約(yue)41%，混凝土噴射(she)每(mei)延米節(jie)約(yue)1.37立方米。聚(ju)(ju)能水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光面(mian)爆破(po)(po)(po)比水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光面(mian)爆破(po)(po)(po)每(mei)循環(huan)(huan)節(jie)約(yue)費(fei)用258.4元，即每(mei)延米節(jie)約(yue)76較元，節(jie)約(yue)費(fei)用比例(li)達32%。此外(wai)，聚(ju)(ju)能水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光面(mian)爆破(po)(po)(po)能有效降低隧(sui)道(dao)內石渣塊度和粉塵含量，還(huan)可使通風(feng)時間(jian)有效縮短33%。