聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)(bao)由(you)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)、形(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)、隔板(ban)、殼體、引信和(he)支架(jia)等(deng)部分(fen)組成(cheng)(cheng)，其(qi)作用及對聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)(bao)威力(li)(li)的(de)(de)影響(xiang)分(fen)述如(ru)下(xia)。1．炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)，炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)是(shi)(shi)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源，炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)壓越大，聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)彈威力(li)(li)越大；為得(de)到高(gao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)壓，需高(gao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)速、高(gao)密度的(de)(de)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)。常(chang)用炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)有梯(ti)恩(en)梯(ti)、8321炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)等(deng)，裝方法有熔鑄(zhu)，塑裝和(he)壓裝多(duo)種。2．型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)，型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)作用是(shi)(shi)把炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉化成(cheng)(cheng)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)體材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)射流(liu)動能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，從而提高(gao)其(qi)穿透和(he)切割(ge)(ge)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)。型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)必(bi)須(xu)滿足四點要(yao)(yao)求，即可壓縮(suo)性小、密度高(gao)、塑性和(he)延(yan)展(zhan)性好，在(zai)(zai)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)射流(liu)中不汽(qi)化。大量試驗證明，用紫銅制作型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)效果好，其(qi)次(ci)為鑄(zhu)鐵、鋼和(he)陶瓷。型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)形(xing)狀(zhuang)多(duo)種多(duo)樣，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有軸(zhou)對稱型(xing)(xing)，如(ru)圓錐形(xing)、半球(qiu)形(xing)、拋物線(xian)形(xing)和(he)喇(la)叭形(xing)等(deng)；面(mian)對稱型(xing)(xing)，常(chang)見的(de)(de)有用于切割(ge)(ge)屬板(ban)材(cai)的(de)(de)直線(xian)形(xing)和(he)用于切割(ge)(ge)管材(cai)的(de)(de)環形(xing)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)兩種；中心對稱型(xing)(xing)，這種球(qiu)形(xing)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)(bao)，中心有球(qiu)形(xing)空腔和(he)球(qiu)形(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)，球(qiu)形(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)外敷設炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)，若能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)(zai)瞬間(jian)同時起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)，可在(zai)(zai)空腔中心點獲(huo)得(de)極大的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量集中。在(zai)(zai)工(gong)程中常(chang)用的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)軸(zhou)對稱型(xing)(xing)和(he)面(mian)對稱型(xing)(xing)兩類型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)。

在工(gong)程(cheng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中(zhong)，常用的起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法有(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法、導(dao)火索起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法、導(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法、導(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)(guan)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法是利(li)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能使雷(lei)管(guan)(guan)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸，進而起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸藥的起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)芳法。它所需(xu)的器材(cai)有(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷(lei)管(guan)(guan)、導(dao)線(xian)和(he)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路的連接(jie)形式(shi)，要(yao)(yao)根據爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)規(gui)模、工(gong)程(cheng)的重要(yao)(yao)性、所選起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源及其起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)能力(li)等進行(xing)選擇(ze)，基本連接(jie)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)有(you)：串聯(lian)、并(bing)聯(lian)、串并(bing)聯(lian)和(he)并(bing)串聯(lian)等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法具有(you)較安全、可靠、準確(que)、高效等優點，在國內(nei)外仍占(zhan)有(you)較大比重。在大、中(zhong)型(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中(zhong)，主要(yao)(yao)仍是用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。特(te)別是在有(you)瓦斯、礦塵爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸的環(huan)境(jing)中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)是主要(yao)(yao)的起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法。但電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)容易受各(ge)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信號的干擾而發生早爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，因此在有(you)雜(za)散(san)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、射頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、高壓感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的環(huan)境(jing)中(zhong)，不(bu)能使用普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷(lei)管(guan)(guan)。

聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)破碎(sui)(sui)法特(te)點(dian)是(shi):不需(xu)(xu)要(yao)打(da)眼，因(yin)而不需(xu)(xu)要(yao)購買打(da)眼設(she)備和(he)(he)動(dong)力設(she)備;施(shi)工(gong)(gong)簡單(dan)，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)進(jin)度(du)比淺眼爆破法快安全性比普通(tong)淺眼爆破法和(he)(he)普通(tong)裸(luo)露藥(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)法好;勞動(dong)強(qiang)度(du)比淺眼爆破法低。制(zhi)造聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)所采(cai)用(yong)的(de)炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)有:黑索(suo)金和(he)(he)梯恩(en)梯混合熔鑄(zhu)型(xing);乳化油炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)和(he)(he)黑索(suo)金混裝(zhuang)型(xing)和(he)(he)二(er)號巖(yan)石硝(xiao)鉸炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)壓(ya)制(zhi)型(xing)。根(gen)據使用(yong)的(de)結(jie)果證明，選用(yong)密度(du)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)和(he)(he)爆速較(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)制(zhi)造聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)能(neng)獲得(de)較(jiao)(jiao)好的(de)破碎(sui)(sui)效(xiao)果。這(zhe)主要(yao)是(shi)由(you)于(yu)它加工(gong)(gong)簡單(dan)和(he)(he)破碎(sui)(sui)能(neng)力較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)。在(zai)礦(kuang)山由(you)于(yu)二(er)次破碎(sui)(sui)消耗(hao)的(de)藥(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)較(jiao)(jiao)多，而且金屬藥(yao)(yao)型(xing)罩的(de)加工(gong)(gong)費工(gong)(gong)又費材料，所以多不采(cai)用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)型(xing)罩。國內(nei)生產的(de)一(yi)種(zhong)用(yong)于(yu)破碎(sui)(sui)大(da)(da)塊(kuai)的(de)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)，裝(zhuang)置聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)時(shi)，要(yao)將藥(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)垂直裝(zhuang)在(zai)大(da)(da)塊(kuai)的(de)頂面(mian)上(shang)，聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)穴朝下。藥(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)位置應選在(zai)頂面(mian)的(de)幾何(he)中心或附近較(jiao)(jiao)平整的(de)地點(dian)。然后在(zai)上(shang)面(mian)覆(fu)蓋泥沙。

專用爆破聚能管采用一種抗靜電阻燃的特種塑料管、異形雙槽聚能管，根據炮眼深度可長可短。舟山爆破聚能管是兩個(ge)相似(si)半(ban)(ban)(ban)壁(bi)管(guan)組成(cheng)(cheng)，半(ban)(ban)(ban)壁(bi)管(guan)中央有個(ge)凹進(jin)去的(de)槽叫做'聚(ju)(ju)能槽"，使用聚(ju)(ju)能管(guan)光面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)效(xiao)果好，開挖輪廓線平順整齊(qi)，圍巖擾動(dong)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)、超(chao)欠挖明(ming)顯改善，有利于(yu)支護(hu)工(gong)(gong)序施(shi)工(gong)(gong)，同時(shi)混凝土(tu)回填成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)大(da)為降低。鑿孔率減(jian)少(shao)(shao)30%，大(da)大(da)降低了爆(bao)破(po)作業工(gong)(gong)班的(de)勞動(dong)量(liang):鉆(zhan)孔縮(suo)短(duan)30分鐘、少(shao)(shao)打眼、出渣量(liang)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)，降低了材料成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)、減(jian)少(shao)(shao)工(gong)(gong)時(shi)消耗、勞動(dong)效(xiao)率明(ming)顯提高(gao)，周邊(bian)眼爆(bao)破(po)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)降低30%以上(shang)，半(ban)(ban)(ban)眼痕保留率高(gao)達85%以上(shang)。pvc爆(bao)破(po)聚(ju)(ju)能管(guan)主要(yao)應用于(yu)隧道、煤礦、鐵(tie)礦等需要(yao)進(jin)行光面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)工(gong)(gong)程。采用聚(ju)(ju)能管(guan)的(de)光面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)可減(jian)少(shao)(shao)鉆(zhan)孔，擴大(da)孔距，減(jian)少(shao)(shao)導爆(bao)管(guan)用量(liang)，減(jian)少(shao)(shao)超(chao)挖，減(jian)少(shao)(shao)噴漿，提高(gao)半(ban)(ban)(ban)孔率，既節省(sheng)了成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)又提高(gao)了施(shi)工(gong)(gong)效(xiao)率。

發揮巨大效力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵又在其上面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)“聚(ju)能(neng)槽(cao)(cao)”上。項目(mu)(mu)部目(mu)(mu)前采用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)聚(ju)能(neng)管(guan)有兩個(ge)(ge)“聚(ju)能(neng)槽(cao)(cao)”，通(tong)過這兩個(ge)(ge)聚(ju)能(neng)槽(cao)(cao)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)讓(rang)爆(bao)炸(zha)的(de)(de)(de)威力(li)(li)在隧道(dao)中切割出(chu)十(shi)分平順的(de)(de)(de)輪(lun)(lun)廓線，的(de)(de)(de)控制了(le)爆(bao)破(po)量(liang)，有效管(guan)控了(le)超(chao)挖欠挖的(de)(de)(de)現象。為了(le)進一步(bu)嚴格控制開挖輪(lun)(lun)廓，達到(dao)(dao)提(ti)高光面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)效果(guo)的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)，并研究出(chu)了(le)聚(ju)能(neng)管(guan)上兩個(ge)(ge)“聚(ju)能(neng)槽(cao)(cao)”變為三(san)個(ge)(ge)“聚(ju)能(neng)槽(cao)(cao)”的(de)(de)(de)發明(ming)設(she)(she)(she)計，目(mu)(mu)前，該發明(ming)設(she)(she)(she)計已經(jing)(jing)進入到(dao)(dao)了(le)試生產階段。未(wei)來，三(san)“聚(ju)能(neng)槽(cao)(cao)”設(she)(she)(she)計的(de)(de)(de)聚(ju)能(neng)水壓爆(bao)破(po)技術將(jiang)推動中鐵十(shi)四局(ju)四公司張(zhang)吉懷鐵路項目(mu)(mu)部施工開展(zhan)邁上一個(ge)(ge)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)臺(tai)階，給(gei)項目(mu)(mu)部帶來巨大的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)濟效益。工程爆(bao)破(po)技術經(jing)(jing)過幾十(shi)年的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)，已經(jing)(jing)滲透到(dao)(dao)經(jing)(jing)濟建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)眾多領域(yu)，特別為中國的(de)(de)(de)鐵路建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)、礦山開采、城市拆舊定向爆(bao)破(po)等(deng)做(zuo)出(chu)了(le)重要(yao)貢獻。