在(zai)(zai)(zai)工程爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破中，常用的起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)有(you)：電(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)、導(dao)火索(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)、導(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)、導(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)。電(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)是利用電(dian)(dian)能使雷管(guan)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)，進(jin)而起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)藥的起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)芳法(fa)。它所需(xu)的器材(cai)有(you)：電(dian)(dian)雷管(guan)、導(dao)線和(he)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。電(dian)(dian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)網路的連(lian)接(jie)形式，要(yao)(yao)根據爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破方(fang)(fang)法(fa)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破規模、工程的重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)性(xing)、所選(xuan)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)及(ji)其起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)能力(li)等(deng)進(jin)行選(xuan)擇，基(ji)本(ben)連(lian)接(jie)方(fang)(fang)式有(you)：串(chuan)(chuan)聯、并(bing)聯、串(chuan)(chuan)并(bing)聯和(he)并(bing)串(chuan)(chuan)聯等(deng)。電(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)具有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)安全、可靠、準確、高效等(deng)優點，在(zai)(zai)(zai)國內(nei)外仍(reng)占有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)大比重(zhong)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)大、中型(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破中，主要(yao)(yao)仍(reng)是用電(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)。特別是在(zai)(zai)(zai)有(you)瓦斯、礦(kuang)塵爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)的環境(jing)中，電(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)是主要(yao)(yao)的起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)。但電(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)容易受各(ge)種電(dian)(dian)信(xin)號的干擾而發(fa)生早爆(bao)(bao)(bao)，因此在(zai)(zai)(zai)有(you)雜散(san)電(dian)(dian)、靜電(dian)(dian)、雷電(dian)(dian)、射頻電(dian)(dian)、高壓感應電(dian)(dian)的環境(jing)中，不能使用普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)雷管(guan)。

各種爆(bao)破(po)(po)、爆(bao)破(po)(po)器(qi)材(cai)銷毀以及爆(bao)破(po)(po)器(qi)材(cai)意外爆(bao)炸(zha)時，爆(bao)破(po)(po)源(yuan)與人(ren)員和其(qi)他保護對象(xiang)之間的安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離稱為(wei)爆(bao)破(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離。爆(bao)破(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離應取各種爆(bao)破(po)(po)效應（地震(zhen)、沖擊(ji)波、飛(fei)石、有毒氣體等）分別(bie)(bie)核定(ding)(ding)的大值。爆(bao)破(po)(po)時，必然產生爆(bao)破(po)(po)地震(zhen)、空(kong)氣沖擊(ji)波、碎石飛(fei)散及有害氣體，因此，爆(bao)破(po)(po)設計時必須(xu)確定(ding)(ding)爆(bao)破(po)(po)危害范圍，并確定(ding)(ding)爆(bao)點(dian)到附近人(ren)員、設備、建筑物(wu)及井巷等的安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，這(zhe)一(yi)段(duan)距(ju)(ju)離就稱為(wei)爆(bao)破(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離。如何控制好這(zhe)段(duan)距(ju)(ju)離就顯的尤為(wei)重要。為(wei)保證爆(bao)破(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，爆(bao)破(po)(po)地點(dian)與人(ren)員或其(qi)他應保護對象(xiang)之間必須(xu)保持短的相隔長度(du)。爆(bao)破(po)(po)有害效應隨(sui)距(ju)(ju)離的增加(jia)有規律地衰減，用距(ju)(ju)離作(zuo)為(wei)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)尺度(du)可限(xian)定(ding)(ding)爆(bao)破(po)(po)有害效應在允許限(xian)度(du)之內。中國《爆(bao)破(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)規程》規定(ding)(ding)了(le)爆(bao)破(po)(po)地震(zhen)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離，個別(bie)(bie)飛(fei)散物(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離，以及爆(bao)炸(zha)沖擊(ji)波的安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離。

專業深孔爆破聚能管聚能包由炸、形罩、隔板、殼體、引信和支架等部分組成，其作用及對聚能包威力的影響分述如下。1．炸，炸是聚能管爆破的能源，炸的爆壓越大，聚能彈威力越大；為得到高爆壓，需高爆速、高密度的炸。常用炸有梯恩梯、8321炸等，裝方法有熔鑄，塑裝和壓裝多種。2．型罩，型罩的作用是把炸的爆炸能轉化成罩體材料的射流動能，從而提高其穿透和切割能力。深孔爆破聚能管公司型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩的(de)材(cai)料必須(xu)滿足四點(dian)要(yao)求，即可壓縮性(xing)小(xiao)、密度高、塑性(xing)和延展(zhan)性(xing)好，在形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)射流中(zhong)不汽化(hua)。大量試驗證明，用(yong)紫銅制作型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩效(xiao)果好，其次為鑄鐵、鋼和陶瓷。型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩的(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀多種多樣(yang)，主要(yao)有(you)軸對稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，如圓錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)、半球形(xing)(xing)(xing)、拋物線形(xing)(xing)(xing)和喇叭形(xing)(xing)(xing)等；面(mian)對稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，常見(jian)的(de)有(you)用(yong)于切割屬板材(cai)的(de)直線形(xing)(xing)(xing)和用(yong)于切割管材(cai)的(de)環形(xing)(xing)(xing)聚(ju)(ju)能罩兩種；中(zhong)心對稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，這種球形(xing)(xing)(xing)聚(ju)(ju)能包(bao)，中(zhong)心有(you)球形(xing)(xing)(xing)空(kong)腔和球形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩，球形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩外敷設炸，若(ruo)能在瞬間同時起爆(bao)，可在空(kong)腔中(zhong)心點(dian)獲得極大的(de)能量集中(zhong)。在工程中(zhong)常用(yong)的(de)是軸對稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和面(mian)對稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)兩類型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩。

水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)是(shi)在(zai)炮孔兩(liang)端填充(chong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)袋，中(zhong)間(jian)裝上乳(ru)化炸，炮孔再用炮泥封死(si)，炮孔間(jian)距(ju)(ju)很大，兩(liang)個(ge)炮空之間(jian)相距(ju)(ju)了一米(mi)左(zuo)右，是(shi)常規爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)的(de)(de)炮孔間(jian)距(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)兩(liang)倍，這(zhe)樣可(ke)以(yi)節省炮孔材料，這(zhe)兩(liang)個(ge)凹槽(cao)(cao)又稱(cheng)為聚(ju)能(neng)槽(cao)(cao)，聚(ju)能(neng)槽(cao)(cao)非常重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)，放(fang)置的(de)(de)位置和方(fang)(fang)向都(dou)十分(fen)講究，一點(dian)也不能(neng)出錯，在(zai)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)的(de)(de)瞬間(jian)，高(gao)溫高(gao)壓(ya)聚(ju)能(neng)射(she)流立即往凹槽(cao)(cao)兩(liang)邊(bian)的(de)(de)巖(yan)石進行切割(ge)(ge)，巖(yan)石如同豆腐一樣輕松被(bei)切割(ge)(ge)切割(ge)(ge)出來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)輪廓線十分(fen)平順(shun)，效(xiao)果(guo)極好，聚(ju)能(neng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)中(zhong)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)袋沒有降低(di)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)的(de)(de)效(xiao)果(guo)，反(fan)而能(neng)保護隧道周邊(bian)植被(bei)，減少(shao)地(di)質擾動，降低(di)煙塵，重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)是(shi)節省炸成(cheng)本(ben)，在(zai)未來(lai)(lai)這(zhe)項(xiang)技(ji)術會廣泛應(ying)用于工程中(zhong)，降低(di)施工成(cheng)本(ben)。爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)聚(ju)能(neng)管水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)光面爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)較水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)光面爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)，在(zai)周邊(bian)眼(yan)單循環火工品(pin)使(shi)用量(liang)上節約(yue)(yue)費(fei)用8.3%，周邊(bian)眼(yan)鉆孔數量(liang)從39個(ge)下降為23個(ge)費(fei)用節約(yue)(yue)41%，混凝土噴射(she)每延米(mi)節約(yue)(yue)1.37立方(fang)(fang)米(mi)。

水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)技術基(ji)礎上發展(zhan)起(qi)來的(de)一項新技術，其掏槽眼、輔助眼裝藥結構和爆(bao)(bao)破(po)方(fang)式(shi)與水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)相同，但在周(zhou)邊(bian)眼中(zhong)安裝專用線性聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)藥管替代(dai)常(chang)規爆(bao)(bao)破(po)藥卷和傳爆(bao)(bao)線，利用線性聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)藥管產生的(de)粒子射流動能(neng)(neng)、高壓(ya)(ya)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)氣(qi)體應(ying)力及“氣(qi)楔”作用，形成平整圓順的(de)開挖輪廓面(mian)，對控(kong)制超欠挖具有良好(hao)效(xiao)果，有效(xiao)提升了隧道施(shi)工質量(liang)、進(jin)度和經(jing)濟效(xiao)益(yi)。水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)較(jiao)水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)，在周(zhou)邊(bian)眼單循環火工品使(shi)用量(liang)上節(jie)(jie)約費用8.3%，周(zhou)邊(bian)眼鉆孔數(shu)量(liang)從39個下降為23個費用節(jie)(jie)約41%，混凝土噴射每延(yan)(yan)米節(jie)(jie)約1.37立方(fang)米。聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)比(bi)水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)每循環節(jie)(jie)約費用258.4元，即(ji)每延(yan)(yan)米節(jie)(jie)約76較(jiao)元，節(jie)(jie)約費用比(bi)例(li)達32%。此外，聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)能(neng)(neng)有效(xiao)降低隧道內石渣塊度和粉塵含量(liang)，還可使(shi)通風時間有效(xiao)縮短33%。