是由管(guan)(guan)(guan)體(ti)(ti)、前(qian)錐(zhui)形定(ding)(ding)(ding)格(ge)(ge)帽(mao)、后(hou)定(ding)(ding)(ding)格(ge)(ge)堵構成，管(guan)(guan)(guan)體(ti)(ti)為(wei)塑性材料制成，呈管(guan)(guan)(guan)狀，管(guan)(guan)(guan)體(ti)(ti)外徑(jing)小于(yu)正(zheng)常(chang)炮眼內(nei)徑(jing)，長度(du)可隨爆(bao)破需(xu)要生產，管(guan)(guan)(guan)體(ti)(ti)兩端各(ge)有(you)外螺(luo)(luo)紋(wen)，兩端外螺(luo)(luo)紋(wen)間有(you)一縱向切(qie)縫，切(qie)縫間等距有(you)加強筋，前(qian)錐(zhui)形定(ding)(ding)(ding)格(ge)(ge)帽(mao)呈傘狀，傘形尖有(you)一光孔，兩側(ce)直壁內(nei)徑(jing)有(you)螺(luo)(luo)紋(wen)，與(yu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)體(ti)(ti)外徑(jing)前(qian)端螺(luo)(luo)紋(wen)配合(he)，帽(mao)體(ti)(ti)外徑(jing)大于(yu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)體(ti)(ti)，后(hou)定(ding)(ding)(ding)格(ge)(ge)堵為(wei)一封蓋，外徑(jing)直徑(jing)大于(yu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)體(ti)(ti)外徑(jing)，與(yu)前(qian)錐(zhui)形定(ding)(ding)(ding)格(ge)(ge)帽(mao)外徑(jing)一致(zhi)，后(hou)定(ding)(ding)(ding)格(ge)(ge)堵內(nei)徑(jing)有(you)螺(luo)(luo)紋(wen)，與(yu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)體(ti)(ti)外徑(jing)后(hou)端螺(luo)(luo)紋(wen)配合(he)。可根據炮眼深度(du)采用合(he)適的聚能管(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)體(ti)(ti)，不需(xu)其他(ta)工(gong)具幫助送入炮眼，切(qie)縫方向準(zhun)確，兩端的前(qian)錐(zhui)形定(ding)(ding)(ding)格(ge)(ge)帽(mao)和后(hou)定(ding)(ding)(ding)格(ge)(ge)堵外徑(jing)與(yu)炮眼內(nei)徑(jing)一致(zhi)，保證聚能管(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)體(ti)(ti)同心(xin)，定(ding)(ding)(ding)向準(zhun)確。且利(li)于(yu)工(gong)業化生產，作(zuo)業安全

水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)技(ji)(ji)術在隧道掘進(jin)作(zuo)業中的實際應(ying)用。提升光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)、嚴抓隧道超挖管控進(jin)行了(le)介紹。聚能(neng)水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)工藝技(ji)(ji)術很(hen)(hen)成(cheng)熟、可操作(zuo)性很(hen)(hen)強、材(cai)料成(cheng)本很(hen)(hen)低、施(shi)工速度(du)很(hen)(hen)快(kuai)、節能(neng)環(huan)保效果(guo)很(hen)(hen)顯著(zhu)、經(jing)濟(ji)效益社(she)會效益很(hen)(hen)高(gao)(gao)。一是(shi)要(yao)(yao)提高(gao)(gao)對推(tui)廣該項技(ji)(ji)術重要(yao)(yao)性和必然性的認識(shi)(shi);二是(shi)要(yao)(yao)樹立必須采取聚能(neng)水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)的意識(shi)(shi);三是(shi)要(yao)(yao)堅持培(pei)訓、示范、監(jian)督(du)(du)“三位(wei)一體”;四是(shi)要(yao)(yao)制(zhi)(zhi)定切實的獎懲制(zhi)(zhi)度(du);五是(shi)要(yao)(yao)建立檢查監(jian)督(du)(du)機制(zhi)(zhi)，持續促進(jin)該項技(ji)(ji)術的深(shen)入推(tui)廣。在隧道施(shi)工的現場管理、科技(ji)(ji)創新、人才(cai)培(pei)養、經(jing)濟(ji)效益等方面(mian)(mian)的不足(zu)。建議對施(shi)工一線(xian)基礎技(ji)(ji)術工作(zuo)扎(zha)實推(tui)進(jin);對新工藝、先進(jin)工法要(yao)(yao)深(shen)入學習鉆(zhan)研;對消極(ji)懈怠(dai)、故步自封(feng)的思想(xiang)要(yao)(yao)堅決抵制(zhi)(zhi)。

施工(gong)工(gong)藝嚴(yan)格(ge)遵循六字方(fang)針(掛滿、貼緊、對準(zhun)(zhun))：(1)要(yao)保(bao)證炮眼(yan)(yan)(yan)打(da)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)質量(liang)(liang),炮眼(yan)(yan)(yan)必須按(an)技術要(yao)求(qiu)合理布置(zhi)。(2)要(yao)保(bao)證掏槽(cao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)以(yi)及其(qi)他眼(yan)(yan)(yan)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)打(da)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)質量(liang)(liang),一(yi)(yi)定要(yao)在(zai)規(gui)定位(wei)置(zhi)上(shang)打(da)眼(yan)(yan)(yan);二要(yao)保(bao)證炮眼(yan)(yan)(yan)深度(du)和角度(du)。(3)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)裝(zhuang)藥(yao)時(shi),要(yao)保(bao)證乳(ru)化(hua)炸藥(yao)在(zai)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)中空內壁(bi)中填充飽滿不得有空隙出現時(shi)以(yi)產生拒爆。(4)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)在(zai)炮眼(yan)(yan)(yan)中裝(zhuang)填時(shi),要(yao)保(bao)證聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)的(de)兩條(tiao)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽(cao)指向(xiang)巷道輪(lun)廓線方(fang)向(xiang)并且各個炮眼(yan)(yan)(yan)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)的(de)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽(cao)軸線方(fang)面要(yao)保(bao)證相(xiang)互連接在(zai)隧道輪(lun)廓線上(shang)。否則成型效果不僅不好,反(fan)而更差。(5)保(bao)證炮眼(yan)(yan)(yan)堵塞(sai)質量(liang)(liang)。(6)放(fang)炮員應提前按(an)規(gui)定裝(zhuang)好聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)的(de)炸藥(yao),并做好準(zhun)(zhun)備工(gong)作(zuo)。試用范圍(wei):一(yi)(yi)級至(zhi)五級圍(wei)巖的(de)光(guang)面爆破(po)工(gong)程(cheng)。

專用爆破多向聚能管聚能包由炸、形罩、隔板、殼體、引信和支架等部分組成，其作用及對聚能包威力的影響分述如下。1．炸，炸是聚能管爆破的能源，炸的爆壓越大，聚能彈威力越大；為得到高爆壓，需高爆速、高密度的炸。常用炸有梯恩梯、8321炸等，裝方法有熔鑄，塑裝和壓裝多種。2．型罩，型罩的作用是把炸的爆炸能轉化成罩體材料的射流動能，從而提高其穿透和切割能力。爆破多向聚能管公司型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)材(cai)(cai)料必(bi)須滿足四點要求，即可壓縮(suo)性(xing)小、密度高、塑性(xing)和(he)延展性(xing)好，在(zai)形(xing)(xing)成射流(liu)中(zhong)不汽化。大量試驗證明，用紫銅制作(zuo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)效果好，其(qi)次為(wei)鑄鐵、鋼(gang)和(he)陶(tao)瓷。型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)形(xing)(xing)狀多種(zhong)多樣，主(zhu)要有軸對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)，如圓錐形(xing)(xing)、半球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)、拋物(wu)線形(xing)(xing)和(he)喇叭形(xing)(xing)等(deng)；面對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)，常見的(de)有用于(yu)切割(ge)屬板材(cai)(cai)的(de)直線形(xing)(xing)和(he)用于(yu)切割(ge)管材(cai)(cai)的(de)環形(xing)(xing)聚能罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)兩種(zhong)；中(zhong)心(xin)對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)，這種(zhong)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)聚能包，中(zhong)心(xin)有球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)空腔(qiang)和(he)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)，球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)外敷設炸，若能在(zai)瞬間同時起爆(bao)，可在(zai)空腔(qiang)中(zhong)心(xin)點獲得極大的(de)能量集中(zhong)。在(zai)工程中(zhong)常用的(de)是(shi)軸對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)面對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)兩類型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)。

光(guang)面爆破技(ji)術優勢：相對于傳統(tong)爆破工藝，聚能(neng)管光(guang)面爆破比常規爆破具有以(yi)下優勢∶少(shao)(shao)打眼，少(shao)(shao)裝(zhuang)藥(yao)。節(jie)約(yue)(yue)周邊鉆孔(kong)量50%，總(zong)鉆孔(kong)進尺減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)30%；節(jie)約(yue)(yue)炸藥(yao)10～20%，雷管30%。節(jie)約(yue)(yue)噴漿(jiang)料15-20%。節(jie)省時(shi)間∶每循環鉆孔(kong)、裝(zhuang)藥(yao)、噴漿(jiang)時(shi)間1.5-2.0小時(shi)。在安全方面利(li)用(yong)水(shui)沙袋(dai)替代炮(pao)泥，以(yi)避(bi)免搗炮(pao)泥損毀電雷管導(dao)線，造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)瞎炮(pao)。大(da)大(da)減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)對圍巖(yan)擾動，光(guang)面效果好，巖(yan)性條(tiao)件(jian)差情(qing)況下可(ke)(ke)以(yi)大(da)大(da)減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)超挖量，控制巷(xiang)道成(cheng)(cheng)型；巖(yan)性完整(zheng)無(wu)節(jie)理情(qing)況下眼痕率可(ke)(ke)以(yi)達到90%以(yi)上，巷(xiang)道成(cheng)(cheng)型好，穩定性強。布孔(kong)方式優化成(cheng)(cheng)多排掏(tao)槽布孔(kong)，單(dan)次掘進深度可(ke)(ke)以(yi)優化提高10%到15%不(bu)等。由于炮(pao)孔(kong)數量大(da)大(da)減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)考慮一起全斷面起爆，節(jie)省放(fang)炮(pao)時(shi)間。

水壓(ya)(ya)爆(bao)破是(shi)(shi)在炮(pao)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)兩(liang)端填(tian)充水袋(dai)，中間(jian)(jian)(jian)裝上乳化炸，炮(pao)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)再(zai)用炮(pao)泥封(feng)死，炮(pao)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)距很大，兩(liang)個(ge)炮(pao)空(kong)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)相(xiang)距了一米左右，是(shi)(shi)常規(gui)爆(bao)破的(de)(de)炮(pao)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)距的(de)(de)兩(liang)倍(bei)，這樣可以節(jie)省炮(pao)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)材料，這兩(liang)個(ge)凹(ao)槽又(you)稱為聚(ju)能(neng)槽，聚(ju)能(neng)槽非常重要，放置(zhi)的(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)和方(fang)向(xiang)都十分(fen)講(jiang)究，一點也不能(neng)出(chu)(chu)錯(cuo)，在爆(bao)破的(de)(de)瞬間(jian)(jian)(jian)，高溫高壓(ya)(ya)聚(ju)能(neng)射流立即往(wang)凹(ao)槽兩(liang)邊的(de)(de)巖石(shi)進行切(qie)割(ge)，巖石(shi)如同豆腐一樣輕松被切(qie)割(ge)切(qie)割(ge)出(chu)(chu)來(lai)的(de)(de)輪廓線十分(fen)平順，效果極好，聚(ju)能(neng)水壓(ya)(ya)爆(bao)破中的(de)(de)水袋(dai)沒有降(jiang)低爆(bao)破的(de)(de)效果，反而能(neng)保護隧(sui)道周邊植被，減少(shao)地質擾動，降(jiang)低煙塵，重要的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)節(jie)省炸成(cheng)本，在未來(lai)這項技術會(hui)廣泛應用于工(gong)程中，降(jiang)低施工(gong)成(cheng)本。爆(bao)破聚(ju)能(neng)管(guan)水壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)面爆(bao)破較水壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)面爆(bao)破，在周邊眼(yan)單循環火工(gong)品使用量(liang)上節(jie)約費(fei)用8.3%，周邊眼(yan)鉆孔(kong)(kong)(kong)數量(liang)從39個(ge)下(xia)降(jiang)為23個(ge)費(fei)用節(jie)約41%，混凝土噴射每(mei)延米節(jie)約1.37立方(fang)米。