我國(guo)20世紀60年(nian)代(dai)利用(yong)(yong)斷裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)力(li)學對(dui)巖(yan)石損(sun)傷(shang)引起的裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)紋(wen)擴展進行過(guo)試(shi)驗研(yan)究,為聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)爆(bao)破(po)技(ji)術(shu)應用(yong)(yong)到工程做了不少理論分(fen)析,也取得(de)一些(xie)進展。80年(nian)代(dai)中(zhong)期開(kai)始進行應用(yong)(yong)研(yan)究,以北(bei)京礦(kuang)業學院為代(dai)表,著重研(yan)究了聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)藥(yao)包切割(ge)饑理和(he)應用(yong)(yong)。1987年(nian)淮南礦(kuang)業學院取得(de)“雙(shuang)面切割(ge)器”的zhuanli,1995年(nian)又取得(de)“大理石花崗巖(yan)切割(ge)技(ji)術(shu)應用(yong)(yong)”zhuanli。1991年(nian)中(zhong)國(guo)水電(dian)七局曾試(shi)圖采用(yong)(yong)硬質紙加工聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)藥(yao)管成(cheng)形(xing)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)藥(yao)卷(juan)做過(guo)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)預裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)爆(bao)破(po)試(shi)驗研(yan)究,但(dan)終因當時(shi)(shi)的技(ji)術(shu)及工藝水平的限制(zhi)無(wu)法用(yong)(yong)于正常施工,但(dan)是他們開(kai)了橢圓雙(shuang)極線性聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)結構試(shi)驗的先河。雙(shuang)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)預裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)與(yu)光面爆(bao)破(po)綜合(he)技(ji)術(shu)開(kai)創輪廓控制(zhi)爆(bao)破(po)新(xin)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)。
是由(you)管(guan)(guan)體(ti)、前錐形(xing)定(ding)(ding)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)帽、后定(ding)(ding)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)堵(du)(du)構成,管(guan)(guan)體(ti)為(wei)塑(su)性材(cai)料制成,呈管(guan)(guan)狀(zhuang),管(guan)(guan)體(ti)外(wai)徑(jing)小于(yu)正常炮眼內(nei)徑(jing),長度可隨爆破需要生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan),管(guan)(guan)體(ti)兩端(duan)各(ge)有(you)(you)外(wai)螺紋(wen),兩端(duan)外(wai)螺紋(wen)間有(you)(you)一(yi)縱向(xiang)切縫(feng),切縫(feng)間等(deng)距有(you)(you)加(jia)強筋,前錐形(xing)定(ding)(ding)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)帽呈傘(san)狀(zhuang),傘(san)形(xing)尖(jian)有(you)(you)一(yi)光孔,兩側(ce)直壁內(nei)徑(jing)有(you)(you)螺紋(wen),與管(guan)(guan)體(ti)外(wai)徑(jing)前端(duan)螺紋(wen)配(pei)合(he)(he),帽體(ti)外(wai)徑(jing)大(da)于(yu)管(guan)(guan)體(ti),后定(ding)(ding)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)堵(du)(du)為(wei)一(yi)封蓋,外(wai)徑(jing)直徑(jing)大(da)于(yu)管(guan)(guan)體(ti)外(wai)徑(jing),與前錐形(xing)定(ding)(ding)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)帽外(wai)徑(jing)一(yi)致,后定(ding)(ding)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)堵(du)(du)內(nei)徑(jing)有(you)(you)螺紋(wen),與管(guan)(guan)體(ti)外(wai)徑(jing)后端(duan)螺紋(wen)配(pei)合(he)(he)。可根據炮眼深度采(cai)用(yong)合(he)(he)適的聚能管(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)體(ti),不需其他工(gong)具幫助(zhu)送入炮眼,切縫(feng)方(fang)向(xiang)準確,兩端(duan)的前錐形(xing)定(ding)(ding)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)帽和后定(ding)(ding)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)堵(du)(du)外(wai)徑(jing)與炮眼內(nei)徑(jing)一(yi)致,保證聚能管(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)體(ti)同心,定(ding)(ding)向(xiang)準確。且(qie)利于(yu)工(gong)業化生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan),作業安全
各種爆破、爆破器材銷毀以及爆破器材意外爆炸時,爆破源與人員和其他保護對象之間的安全距離稱為爆破安全距離。爆破安全距離應取各種爆破效應(地震、沖擊波、飛石、有毒氣體等)分別核定的大值。專業爆破聚能管爆破時,必然產生爆破地震、空氣沖擊波、碎石飛散及有害氣體,因此,爆破設計時必須確定爆破危害范圍,并確定爆點到附近人員、設備、建筑物及井巷等的安全,這一段距離就稱為爆破安全距離。專業爆破聚能管如何控制好這段距(ju)離(li)就(jiu)顯的尤(you)為(wei)重要。為(wei)保證(zheng)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)安(an)全,爆(bao)(bao)破(po)地(di)(di)點與人(ren)員或其(qi)他應(ying)保護(hu)對象(xiang)之(zhi)間必須保持(chi)短的相隔長度。爆(bao)(bao)破(po)有(you)害(hai)效應(ying)隨距(ju)離(li)的增加有(you)規律地(di)(di)衰(shuai)減,用距(ju)離(li)作為(wei)安(an)全尺度可限定爆(bao)(bao)破(po)有(you)害(hai)效應(ying)在(zai)允許限度之(zhi)內(nei)。中國《爆(bao)(bao)破(po)安(an)全規程(cheng)》規定了爆(bao)(bao)破(po)地(di)(di)震(zhen)安(an)全距(ju)離(li),個別飛散物安(an)全距(ju)離(li),以及爆(bao)(bao)炸沖(chong)擊波的安(an)全距(ju)離(li)。
光(guang)面(mian)爆破(po)技術優(you)勢:相對于傳統爆破(po)工藝(yi),聚(ju)能管(guan)光(guang)面(mian)爆破(po)比常規爆破(po)具有(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下優(you)勢∶少打眼,少裝(zhuang)藥(yao)。節約(yue)周邊鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔量50%,總鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔進(jin)尺減(jian)(jian)少30%;節約(yue)炸藥(yao)10~20%,雷(lei)管(guan)30%。節約(yue)噴(pen)(pen)漿料15-20%。節省時(shi)(shi)間∶每(mei)循環鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔、裝(zhuang)藥(yao)、噴(pen)(pen)漿時(shi)(shi)間1.5-2.0小時(shi)(shi)。在安(an)全方面(mian)利(li)用水沙袋(dai)替(ti)代炮(pao)泥,以(yi)(yi)(yi)避免搗(dao)炮(pao)泥損毀(hui)電(dian)雷(lei)管(guan)導(dao)線,造成瞎(xia)炮(pao)。大(da)(da)大(da)(da)減(jian)(jian)少對圍巖擾動,光(guang)面(mian)效(xiao)果好,巖性條(tiao)件差(cha)情(qing)況(kuang)下可以(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)減(jian)(jian)少超挖量,控制巷(xiang)道成型;巖性完整無節理情(qing)況(kuang)下眼痕率可以(yi)(yi)(yi)達到(dao)90%以(yi)(yi)(yi)上,巷(xiang)道成型好,穩定性強(qiang)。布(bu)孔方式優(you)化成多排掏槽布(bu)孔,單次(ci)掘(jue)進(jin)深度可以(yi)(yi)(yi)優(you)化提(ti)高(gao)10%到(dao)15%不等。由于炮(pao)孔數量大(da)(da)大(da)(da)減(jian)(jian)少可以(yi)(yi)(yi)考慮(lv)一(yi)起(qi)全斷面(mian)起(qi)爆,節省放炮(pao)時(shi)(shi)間。
水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技術基礎上發展(zhan)起來的(de)一項(xiang)新技術,其掏槽眼(yan)(yan)、輔助眼(yan)(yan)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)藥(yao)結(jie)構和(he)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)方式與水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)相同,但在周邊(bian)眼(yan)(yan)中(zhong)安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)專(zhuan)用(yong)線(xian)性聚能(neng)(neng)藥(yao)管替代常(chang)規爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)藥(yao)卷和(he)傳爆(bao)(bao)(bao)線(xian),利用(yong)線(xian)性聚能(neng)(neng)藥(yao)管產生的(de)粒子射(she)(she)流動(dong)能(neng)(neng)、高壓(ya)(ya)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)氣體應力及“氣楔”作用(yong),形成平整圓順的(de)開挖輪廓面(mian),對(dui)控(kong)制(zhi)超欠挖具有(you)良好效(xiao)(xiao)果(guo),有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)提升(sheng)了隧(sui)道(dao)施工質量(liang)、進度(du)和(he)經(jing)濟效(xiao)(xiao)益。水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)較水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po),在周邊(bian)眼(yan)(yan)單循環火工品使用(yong)量(liang)上節約(yue)費(fei)用(yong)8.3%,周邊(bian)眼(yan)(yan)鉆孔數量(liang)從39個下(xia)降(jiang)為23個費(fei)用(yong)節約(yue)41%,混凝土(tu)噴射(she)(she)每(mei)延(yan)米(mi)節約(yue)1.37立方米(mi)。聚能(neng)(neng)水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)比水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)每(mei)循環節約(yue)費(fei)用(yong)258.4元(yuan),即每(mei)延(yan)米(mi)節約(yue)76較元(yuan),節約(yue)費(fei)用(yong)比例(li)達32%。此外,聚能(neng)(neng)水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)能(neng)(neng)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)降(jiang)低(di)隧(sui)道(dao)內石渣塊度(du)和(he)粉塵含量(liang),還(huan)可使通(tong)風時間有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)縮短(duan)33%。