預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)與(yu)(yu)(yu)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史與(yu)(yu)(yu)現(xian)狀(zhuang)：預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)是(shi)(shi)沿設(she)計(ji)開挖邊界(jie)布(bu)(bu)置密集炮(pao)孔(kong)，采(cai)(cai)取(qu)不耦(ou)合(he)裝(zhuang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)或(huo)裝(zhuang)填低威(wei)力炸藥(yao)(yao)(yao)，在(zai)(zai)主(zhu)(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區之前起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，從而在(zai)(zai)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區與(yu)(yu)(yu)保(bao)留(liu)區之間(jian)形(xing)成(cheng)預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)縫，以減(jian)弱(ruo)主(zhu)(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)對保(bao)留(liu)巖體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)破(po)(po)(po)壞并形(xing)成(cheng)平(ping)(ping)整(zheng)(zheng)輪廓面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)作業(ye)。光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)是(shi)(shi)沿設(she)計(ji)開挖邊界(jie)布(bu)(bu)設(she)密集炮(pao)孔(kong)，采(cai)(cai)用不耦(ou)合(he)裝(zhuang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)或(huo)裝(zhuang)填低威(wei)力炸藥(yao)(yao)(yao)，在(zai)(zai)主(zhu)(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)之后(hou)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)以形(xing)成(cheng)平(ping)(ping)整(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開挖輪廓面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)作業(ye)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)是(shi)(shi)先出現(xian)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，然后(hou)衍生發展(zhan)為預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)。聚能(neng)管國內歷(li)史與(yu)(yu)(yu)現(xian)狀(zhuang)，我國于1964～1965年在(zai)(zai)湖北陸水水電站施工中(zhong)做過(guo)淺孔(kong)預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)，1965年鐵道部門在(zai)(zai)成(cheng)昆鐵路(lu)建設(she)中(zhong)開始試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，1977年在(zai)(zai)西延線張家船工點，全長近200m的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)2000m2路(lu)塹(qian)邊坡全部采(cai)(cai)用光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)后(hou)邊坡平(ping)(ping)整(zheng)(zheng)穩定，殘留(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)半孔(kong)清晰(xi)可見(jian)，是(shi)(shi)鐵路(lu)建設(she)中(zhong)采(cai)(cai)用路(lu)塹(qian)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)。

在(zai)(zai)(zai)鐵路(lu)(lu)、礦山(shan)(shan)、水庫(ku)等大(da)型工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中，爆(bao)破技術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)很(hen)關鍵(jian)很(hen)重(zhong)要(yao)。采(cai)礦修路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開山(shan)(shan)挖(wa)隧道，城市對舊建筑物的(de)(de)(de)(de)拆(chai)除，都(dou)會(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)到爆(bao)破技術(shu)(shu)。隨著經濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設的(de)(de)(de)(de)增多，爆(bao)破引起了(le)人們更多的(de)(de)(de)(de)關注。爆(bao)破聚能(neng)管(guan)作(zuo)為一種科學(xue)技術(shu)(shu)，應用(yong)(yong)(yong)很(hen)廣，但(dan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)無疑(yi)是(shi)(shi)重(zhong)要(yao)、常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，采(cai)礦開山(shan)(shan)，修鐵路(lu)(lu)、公路(lu)(lu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)鉆爆(bao)法來開掘隧道，水利(li)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)上也用(yong)(yong)(yong)一些，城市里面也使用(yong)(yong)(yong)了(le)，拆(chai)除樓房。利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)炸(zha)爆(bao)炸(zha)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)巨大(da)能(neng)量破壞(huai)某種物體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原結構，這種"破壞(huai)"效(xiao)果(guo)不是(shi)(shi)其他方(fang)法能(neng)代替(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，它雖然(ran)不是(shi)(shi)獨立完成一個工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，但(dan)卻是(shi)(shi)一個重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)序，特別(bie)是(shi)(shi)石(shi)方(fang)開挖(wa)、礦山(shan)(shan)開采(cai)等工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)缺少了(le)這個工(gong)(gong)序還不行。中國目(mu)前有發達的(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵路(lu)(lu)和(he)公路(lu)(lu)交通網(wang)，可以想(xiang)象(xiang)，當初在(zai)(zai)(zai)修這些路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)會(hui)遇(yu)到許(xu)多高山(shan)(shan)峻嶺(ling)，一座大(da)山(shan)(shan)橫在(zai)(zai)(zai)兩(liang)地之間(jian)，想(xiang)要(yao)修路(lu)(lu)，就必須讓這座山(shan)(shan)消(xiao)失，這個時候(hou)聚能(neng)管(guan)爆(bao)破就起到決定性作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)了(le)。

專業爆破聚能管是將炸藥裝在聚能管內，兩頭均放置了水袋，聚能管爆炸產生的高溫高壓射流，讓水袋產生“水楔”效應,使圍巖裂縫加劇延伸擴展。它是在水壓光面爆破基礎上發展起來的一項新技術，區別只是在周邊眼中安裝專用線性聚能藥管替代常規爆破藥卷和傳爆線，只要做到七大關鍵環節：水袋挺拔飽滿、炮泥軟硬適中、水袋裝填到底、炮泥回填到口、木棍逐節搗固、水藥緊密相連、槽面必須平行，就能對控制超欠挖起到良好效果。爆破聚能管公司在(zai)推廣水壓(ya)爆破(po)的基礎上，去(qu)年(nian)9月，水壓(ya)聚(ju)能(neng)爆破(po)的成(cheng)果上，今年(nian)更為深入(ru)地(di)在(zai)興泉鐵(tie)路大嶺隧(sui)道、牡佳鐵(tie)路麻山隧(sui)道采用了此項技術，積(ji)累了成(cheng)功經(jing)驗。

我(wo)國(guo)于1983年制定(ding)了《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑物巖(yan)行(xing)基(ji)礎(chu)開(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)》(sD 121l一1983)。自(zi)此(ci)(ci)，在水(shui)利(li)水(shui)電建(jian)設(she)(she)中(zhong)預裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)與光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)已成為必須進(jin)行(xing)的保護邊(bian)坡(po)質(zhi)量的爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)開(kai)挖(wa)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)。此(ci)(ci)后在此(ci)(ci)基(ji)礎(chu)上修訂的《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑物巖(yan)石(shi)基(ji)礎(chu)開(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)》(SL 47一1994)以及在《水(shui)電水(shui)利(li)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)》(DL／T 5135—2001)和(he)(he)(he)《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑物巖(yan)石(shi)基(ji)礎(chu)開(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)》(DL／T 5389～2007)中(zhong)預裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)與光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)均被(bei)編(bian)入并有(you)所改進(jin)，DL／T 5135—2001正在修編(bian)為DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道(dao)部也不僅規(gui)定(ding)了凡是Ⅲ級以上的巖(yan)石(shi)邊(bian)坡(po)，設(she)(she)計邊(bian)坡(po)坡(po)度為1：0．1～1：0．75，在邊(bian)坡(po)部位的爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)設(she)(she)計和(he)(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)都應(ying)(ying)采用光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)或(huo)預裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，并闡述了光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(預裂)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)設(she)(she)計的原(yuan)則(ze)和(he)(he)(he)參(can)數、安全(quan)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)，而且還(huan)明確了路塹(qian)邊(bian)坡(po)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(預裂)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)項目質(zhi)量驗收檢測數量和(he)(he)(he)檢測方(fang)法。無疑該規(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)的實施(shi)(shi)(shi)，有(you)力地推動和(he)(he)(he)促進(jin)了光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(預裂)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)在鐵路建(jian)設(she)(she)中(zhong)的應(ying)(ying)用與發展。