給大家介紹(shao)下爆破(po)聚能管的技術原理∶炸(zha)藥爆炸(zha)產(chan)(chan)生的爆轟波(bo)通過聚能管的聚能槽，將炸(zha)藥的動(dong)能、勢能轉換成(cheng)高壓、高速、高能的射(she)流，切割(ge)演示(shi)成(cheng)縫(feng)。射(she)流在(zai)孔壁產(chan)(chan)生射(she)流壓力達7000MPa，巖(yan)石(shi)動(dong)載抗(kang)壓強度為200MPa，抗(kang)拉為1/8～1/10的抗(kang)壓強度，相(xiang)鄰(lin)兩炮孔互為鄰(lin)空面(mian)，疊加后的壓縮(suo)波(bo)變為稀疏波(bo)，在(zai)兩炮眼(yan)連線上使巖(yan)石(shi)結構(gou)斷裂(lie)(lie)，形成(cheng)裂(lie)(lie)紋(wen)。準靜(jing)態氣體膨脹，靜(jing)態壓力在(zai)兩炮孔最短連線兩側產(chan)(chan)生拉力使巖(yan)石(shi)裂(lie)(lie)縫(feng)進一(yi)步(bu)擴展(zhan)。根據(ju)爆破(po)應力集中氣刃作(zuo)用原則(ze)，爆破(po)氣體沿裂(lie)(lie)縫(feng)進一(yi)步(bu)擴大貫通，拋落(luo)巖(yan)石(shi)。

金華雙向爆破聚能管水壓爆破是在炮孔兩端填充水袋，中間裝上乳化炸，炮孔再用炮泥封死，炮孔間距很大，兩個炮空之間相距了一米左右，是常規爆破的炮孔間距的兩倍，這樣可以節省炮孔材料，這兩個凹槽又稱為聚能槽，聚能槽非常重要，放置的位置和方向都十分講究，一點也不能出錯，雙向爆破聚能管公司在爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)的(de)(de)瞬(shun)間(jian)，高溫高壓聚能射流立(li)即往凹槽兩邊(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)巖(yan)石(shi)進行切割(ge)，巖(yan)石(shi)如同豆腐(fu)一樣輕(qing)松被(bei)切割(ge)切割(ge)出(chu)來的(de)(de)輪廓線十分平順，效果極(ji)好(hao)，聚能水(shui)壓爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)中(zhong)的(de)(de)水(shui)袋沒有降(jiang)低爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)的(de)(de)效果，反而能保護隧(sui)道周(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)植(zhi)被(bei)，減少地質擾動，降(jiang)低煙(yan)塵，重要(yao)的(de)(de)是節省炸成(cheng)本(ben)，在未(wei)來這項(xiang)技(ji)術會廣泛應用于(yu)工程(cheng)中(zhong)，降(jiang)低施工成(cheng)本(ben)。爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)聚能管(guan)水(shui)壓光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)較水(shui)壓光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，在周(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)眼(yan)單循環火工品(pin)使用量(liang)(liang)上節約(yue)費(fei)(fei)用8.3%，周(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)眼(yan)鉆孔數(shu)量(liang)(liang)從(cong)39個(ge)下降(jiang)為23個(ge)費(fei)(fei)用節約(yue)41%，混凝土噴射每延米節約(yue)1.37立(li)方米。

我國于1983年(nian)制(zhi)定(ding)了《水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑(zhu)(zhu)物巖行基(ji)礎(chu)開挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)》(sD 121l一(yi)1983)。自此(ci)，在(zai)(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)建設中預(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)與(yu)光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)已成為必(bi)須進行的(de)保護邊(bian)(bian)坡質量的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)開挖技(ji)(ji)術(shu)措(cuo)施(shi)。此(ci)后在(zai)(zai)此(ci)基(ji)礎(chu)上修訂的(de)《水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑(zhu)(zhu)物巖石(shi)(shi)基(ji)礎(chu)開挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)》(SL 47一(yi)1994)以及在(zai)(zai)《水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)》(DL／T 5135—2001)和《水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑(zhu)(zhu)物巖石(shi)(shi)基(ji)礎(chu)開挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)》(DL／T 5389～2007)中預(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)與(yu)光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)均(jun)被編(bian)入并有(you)所改(gai)進，DL／T 5135—2001正在(zai)(zai)修編(bian)為DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道部(bu)也不僅規(gui)定(ding)了凡是Ⅲ級以上的(de)巖石(shi)(shi)邊(bian)(bian)坡，設計(ji)邊(bian)(bian)坡坡度為1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)(zai)邊(bian)(bian)坡部(bu)位的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)設計(ji)和施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)都(dou)應采用光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)或預(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)，并闡述了光面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)設計(ji)的(de)原(yuan)則(ze)和參數、安(an)全措(cuo)施(shi)，而且還明確了路塹邊(bian)(bian)坡光面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)項目質量驗收檢(jian)測數量和檢(jian)測方法(fa)。無疑該規(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)實施(shi)，有(you)力地推動和促進了光面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)在(zai)(zai)鐵路建設中的(de)應用與(yu)發(fa)展。

聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)由炸(zha)、形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)、隔(ge)板、殼體、引信和(he)(he)支架等部分(fen)組(zu)成，其作(zuo)用及對聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)威力(li)的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)分(fen)述如下。1．炸(zha)，炸(zha)是(shi)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)爆(bao)破的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源，炸(zha)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)壓(ya)(ya)越大，聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)彈威力(li)越大；為得(de)到高爆(bao)壓(ya)(ya)，需高爆(bao)速、高密度的(de)(de)(de)炸(zha)。常用炸(zha)有(you)梯恩梯、8321炸(zha)等，裝方法有(you)熔(rong)鑄，塑裝和(he)(he)壓(ya)(ya)裝多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)。2．型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)，型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用是(shi)把(ba)炸(zha)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)炸(zha)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉化成罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)體材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)射流動能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，從而提(ti)高其穿透和(he)(he)切(qie)割(ge)(ge)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)。型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)必(bi)須滿足四點(dian)要求，即(ji)可(ke)壓(ya)(ya)縮性小(xiao)、密度高、塑性和(he)(he)延展性好(hao)(hao)，在(zai)形(xing)(xing)(xing)成射流中(zhong)(zhong)不汽化。大量(liang)試驗證明，用紫(zi)銅制作(zuo)型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)效果好(hao)(hao)，其次為鑄鐵(tie)、鋼(gang)和(he)(he)陶瓷。型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)樣，主要有(you)軸對稱型(xing)(xing)，如圓錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)、半球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、拋(pao)物線形(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)喇叭(ba)形(xing)(xing)(xing)等；面對稱型(xing)(xing)，常見的(de)(de)(de)有(you)用于切(qie)割(ge)(ge)屬板材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)直線形(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)用于切(qie)割(ge)(ge)管(guan)材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)環形(xing)(xing)(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)兩種(zhong)(zhong)；中(zhong)(zhong)心對稱型(xing)(xing)，這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)，中(zhong)(zhong)心有(you)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)空腔(qiang)和(he)(he)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)，球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)外敷(fu)設(she)炸(zha)，若能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)瞬間(jian)同時起爆(bao)，可(ke)在(zai)空腔(qiang)中(zhong)(zhong)心點(dian)獲得(de)極大的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)工程中(zhong)(zhong)常用的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)軸對稱型(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)面對稱型(xing)(xing)兩類型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)。

水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)較(jiao)水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)，在周(zhou)邊眼(yan)(yan)單(dan)循環(huan)火工品(pin)使用(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)上節(jie)(jie)約(yue)費用(yong)(yong)8.3%，周(zhou)邊眼(yan)(yan)鉆孔數(shu)量(liang)(liang)從39個下降(jiang)為23個費用(yong)(yong)節(jie)(jie)約(yue)41%，混凝土噴射每延米節(jie)(jie)約(yue)1.37立方米。水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)比(bi)水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)每循環(huan)節(jie)(jie)約(yue)費用(yong)(yong)258.4元(yuan)(yuan)，即每延米節(jie)(jie)約(yue)76較(jiao)元(yuan)(yuan)，節(jie)(jie)約(yue)費用(yong)(yong)比(bi)例(li)達32%。此外，聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)能(neng)有效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)降(jiang)低隧道(dao)內石(shi)渣(zha)塊度和粉(fen)塵(chen)含量(liang)(liang)，還可(ke)使通風時間有效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)縮短33%。聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)工藝(yi)技術(shu)很成熟、可(ke)操作性很強、材料成本很低、施工速(su)度很快、節(jie)(jie)能(neng)環(huan)保(bao)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)果很顯著、經濟效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)益社會效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)益很高。聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)定向(xiang)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技術(shu)是(shi)近幾年(nian)發展(zhan)起來的(de)(de)一項掘進新技術(shu),這(zhe)種爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技術(shu)與(yu)傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技術(shu)有一定的(de)(de)差別,聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)定向(xiang)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)原理是(shi)在巷道(dao)周(zhou)邊眼(yan)(yan)中,將(jiang)炸裝在聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)中起爆(bao)(bao),爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)時利用(yong)(yong)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)的(de)(de)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)作用(yong)(yong),以減少裂隙的(de)(de)數(shu)量(liang)(liang)和控(kong)制優勢裂隙的(de)(de)發展(zhan)方向(xiang)。