水壓(ya)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆破(po)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)在隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)掘進(jin)作業中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)實際應用(yong)。提升(sheng)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆破(po)水平、嚴抓隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)超挖管控進(jin)行了介紹。聚能水壓(ya)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆破(po)工(gong)(gong)藝技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)很(hen)(hen)(hen)成熟、可(ke)操(cao)作性很(hen)(hen)(hen)強、材料成本(ben)很(hen)(hen)(hen)低、施工(gong)(gong)速度(du)很(hen)(hen)(hen)快、節能環保效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)果很(hen)(hen)(hen)顯著、經濟效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)社(she)會效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)很(hen)(hen)(hen)高。一是(shi)(shi)要(yao)提高對(dui)推(tui)廣該項(xiang)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)重要(yao)性和必(bi)然性的(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識;二(er)是(shi)(shi)要(yao)樹立(li)必(bi)須(xu)采取聚能水壓(ya)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆破(po)的(de)(de)(de)意識;三是(shi)(shi)要(yao)堅持(chi)(chi)培訓、示(shi)范(fan)、監督(du)“三位一體”;四是(shi)(shi)要(yao)制(zhi)(zhi)定切實的(de)(de)(de)獎懲制(zhi)(zhi)度(du);五(wu)是(shi)(shi)要(yao)建(jian)立(li)檢(jian)查監督(du)機制(zhi)(zhi)，持(chi)(chi)續促進(jin)該項(xiang)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)深入(ru)推(tui)廣。在隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)施工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)場管理、科技(ji)(ji)(ji)創新、人才培養、經濟效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)等方面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)不足。建(jian)議對(dui)施工(gong)(gong)一線基礎技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)工(gong)(gong)作扎實推(tui)進(jin);對(dui)新工(gong)(gong)藝、先(xian)進(jin)工(gong)(gong)法要(yao)深入(ru)學(xue)習鉆研;對(dui)消極懈(xie)怠、故步自(zi)封(feng)的(de)(de)(de)思想(xiang)要(yao)堅決抵制(zhi)(zhi)。

光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)破技術優(you)勢：相(xiang)對(dui)于傳統爆(bao)(bao)破工藝，聚能管(guan)光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)破比常(chang)規爆(bao)(bao)破具有以(yi)下(xia)優(you)勢∶少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)打眼(yan)，少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)裝藥(yao)(yao)。節約(yue)周邊鉆孔(kong)量(liang)50%，總鉆孔(kong)進尺減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)30%；節約(yue)炸藥(yao)(yao)10～20%，雷(lei)管(guan)30%。節約(yue)噴漿(jiang)料15-20%。節省時間(jian)(jian)∶每循環鉆孔(kong)、裝藥(yao)(yao)、噴漿(jiang)時間(jian)(jian)1.5-2.0小時。在(zai)安全方面利(li)用水沙袋替代炮(pao)(pao)泥，以(yi)避(bi)免搗炮(pao)(pao)泥損毀(hui)電雷(lei)管(guan)導(dao)線(xian)，造成瞎(xia)炮(pao)(pao)。大(da)大(da)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)對(dui)圍巖擾動(dong)，光(guang)(guang)面效果好(hao)，巖性條件差情況下(xia)可(ke)以(yi)大(da)大(da)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)超挖(wa)量(liang)，控制巷(xiang)(xiang)道成型；巖性完整無節理情況下(xia)眼(yan)痕率可(ke)以(yi)達(da)到90%以(yi)上，巷(xiang)(xiang)道成型好(hao)，穩定性強。布孔(kong)方式(shi)優(you)化(hua)(hua)成多排掏(tao)槽布孔(kong)，單次(ci)掘進深度可(ke)以(yi)優(you)化(hua)(hua)提高(gao)10%到15%不(bu)等(deng)。由于炮(pao)(pao)孔(kong)數量(liang)大(da)大(da)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)可(ke)以(yi)考(kao)慮一(yi)起全斷(duan)面起爆(bao)(bao)，節省放(fang)炮(pao)(pao)時間(jian)(jian)。

專用雙向爆破聚能管采用一種抗靜電阻燃的特種塑料管、異形雙槽聚能管，根據炮眼深度可長可短。金華雙向爆破聚能管是兩個(ge)相似(si)半壁(bi)管(guan)組成，半壁(bi)管(guan)中央有個(ge)凹進去的(de)槽叫做'聚能槽"，使用(yong)聚能管(guan)光(guang)面爆(bao)破(po)成型效果(guo)好，開挖(wa)輪廓(kuo)線平(ping)順(shun)整(zheng)齊，圍巖擾動減少(shao)、超欠挖(wa)明顯改善，有利(li)于支護工(gong)(gong)(gong)序施工(gong)(gong)(gong)，同(tong)時混凝土回填成本(ben)大(da)(da)為降(jiang)(jiang)低。鑿孔率減少(shao)30%，大(da)(da)大(da)(da)降(jiang)(jiang)低了(le)爆(bao)破(po)作(zuo)業工(gong)(gong)(gong)班的(de)勞動量:鉆孔縮(suo)短30分鐘(zhong)、少(shao)打(da)眼、出(chu)渣量減少(shao)，降(jiang)(jiang)低了(le)材料成本(ben)、減少(shao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)時消耗(hao)、勞動效率明顯提(ti)(ti)高，周邊(bian)眼爆(bao)破(po)成本(ben)降(jiang)(jiang)低30%以上，半眼痕(hen)保留率高達(da)85%以上。pvc爆(bao)破(po)聚能管(guan)主要(yao)應用(yong)于隧道(dao)、煤(mei)礦(kuang)、鐵礦(kuang)等(deng)需要(yao)進行光(guang)面爆(bao)破(po)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程。采用(yong)聚能管(guan)的(de)光(guang)面爆(bao)破(po)可減少(shao)鉆孔，擴大(da)(da)孔距，減少(shao)導爆(bao)管(guan)用(yong)量，減少(shao)超挖(wa)，減少(shao)噴漿，提(ti)(ti)高半孔率，既(ji)節(jie)省了(le)成本(ben)又提(ti)(ti)高了(le)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)效率。

聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)由炸(zha)、形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)、隔(ge)板(ban)、殼體、引信(xin)和(he)(he)(he)(he)支架等部分組成，其(qi)(qi)(qi)作(zuo)用及對聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)威力的(de)(de)影響(xiang)分述如下(xia)。1．炸(zha)，炸(zha)是聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管爆(bao)破的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源，炸(zha)的(de)(de)爆(bao)壓(ya)越(yue)大，聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)彈威力越(yue)大；為得到(dao)高(gao)爆(bao)壓(ya)，需高(gao)爆(bao)速、高(gao)密度(du)的(de)(de)炸(zha)。常(chang)用炸(zha)有(you)梯恩梯、8321炸(zha)等，裝(zhuang)方法有(you)熔(rong)鑄，塑裝(zhuang)和(he)(he)(he)(he)壓(ya)裝(zhuang)多(duo)種。2．型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)，型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用是把炸(zha)的(de)(de)爆(bao)炸(zha)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉化成罩(zhao)(zhao)體材料的(de)(de)射流(liu)動能(neng)(neng)(neng)，從(cong)而提高(gao)其(qi)(qi)(qi)穿透和(he)(he)(he)(he)切(qie)(qie)割(ge)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力。型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)材料必須滿足(zu)四點要(yao)求，即可壓(ya)縮性小、密度(du)高(gao)、塑性和(he)(he)(he)(he)延展(zhan)性好，在形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成射流(liu)中(zhong)(zhong)不汽(qi)化。大量試驗證明，用紫銅制作(zuo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)效(xiao)果好，其(qi)(qi)(qi)次(ci)為鑄鐵、鋼和(he)(he)(he)(he)陶瓷。型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀多(duo)種多(duo)樣，主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)軸(zhou)對稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，如圓錐(zhui)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、半球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、拋(pao)物線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)喇叭形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等；面對稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，常(chang)見的(de)(de)有(you)用于切(qie)(qie)割(ge)屬(shu)板(ban)材的(de)(de)直線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)用于切(qie)(qie)割(ge)管材的(de)(de)環形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)罩(zhao)(zhao)兩種；中(zhong)(zhong)心對稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，這(zhe)種球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)，中(zhong)(zhong)心有(you)球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)空腔和(he)(he)(he)(he)球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)，球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)外敷(fu)設(she)炸(zha)，若能(neng)(neng)(neng)在瞬間同(tong)時起爆(bao)，可在空腔中(zhong)(zhong)心點獲得極大的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量集中(zhong)(zhong)。在工(gong)程中(zhong)(zhong)常(chang)用的(de)(de)是軸(zhou)對稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)面對稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)兩類型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)。

發(fa)揮巨(ju)大效(xiao)力(li)的關鍵又在其上(shang)(shang)面的“聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能槽(cao)(cao)”上(shang)(shang)。項(xiang)目部目前采用的聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能管(guan)有(you)(you)兩個“聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能槽(cao)(cao)”，通過這(zhe)兩個聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能槽(cao)(cao)的作用讓爆炸的威(wei)力(li)在隧道中(zhong)切割出十分平順的輪(lun)廓線，的控制了爆破量，有(you)(you)效(xiao)管(guan)控了超挖欠挖的現(xian)象。為了進一(yi)步嚴格控制開(kai)挖輪(lun)廓，達到提高(gao)光面爆破效(xiao)果的目的，并(bing)研究出了聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能管(guan)上(shang)(shang)兩個“聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能槽(cao)(cao)”變為三個“聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能槽(cao)(cao)”的發(fa)明設(she)(she)(she)計，目前，該發(fa)明設(she)(she)(she)計已經進入到了試生產階段。未來(lai)(lai)，三“聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能槽(cao)(cao)”設(she)(she)(she)計的聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能水壓爆破技術將推動(dong)中(zhong)鐵十四(si)(si)局四(si)(si)公司張吉懷(huai)鐵路項(xiang)目部施工開(kai)展邁(mai)上(shang)(shang)一(yi)個新(xin)的臺階，給項(xiang)目部帶來(lai)(lai)巨(ju)大的經濟效(xiao)益(yi)。工程(cheng)爆破技術經過幾(ji)十年的發(fa)展，已經滲(shen)透到經濟建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)的眾多領域，特別(bie)為中(zhong)國的鐵路建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)、礦山開(kai)采、城市拆舊定向爆破等(deng)做出了重要貢(gong)獻。