不(bu)成(cheng)功的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事例(li)是有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，如(ru)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)而不(bu)倒、實(shi)施定(ding)向爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)后(hou)(hou)沒(mei)有按爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)方(fang)案(an)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向倒塌(ta)等等。這些事例(li)警示:從(cong)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)設(she)計、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)器材(cai)質(zhi)量(liang)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)到起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路連(lian)接等，只要(yao)有一(yi)個環(huan)(huan)節(jie)出現失(shi)(shi)誤，都(dou)(dou)將影響爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效果，乃至造成(cheng)嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)果。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)作(zuo)業無(wu)論是老舊(jiu)建筑物(wu)(wu)本(ben)身還是周圍環(huan)(huan)境(jing)都(dou)(dou)十分復雜，這不(bu)僅要(yao)求認真(zhen)調查爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構(包括施工(gong)(gong)(gong)缺陷)，分析(xi)受力狀況，同時(shi)還要(yao)對(dui)(dui)(dui)采(cai)取技術措施(如(ru)預處理、嵌(qian)補、支撐等)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可靠和(he)安全(quan)性進行(xing)分析(xi)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)可能(neng)出現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意外情況，應預先制定(ding)應急方(fang)案(an)，努(nu)力避(bi)免安全(quan)事故和(he)不(bu)必(bi)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)失(shi)(shi)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)保(bao)性越來(lai)越受到人們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關注，同時(shi)，探索無(wu)公害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拆除爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)技術，一(yi)直是爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)者追(zhui)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目標。設(she)立掩蔽體(ti)(ti)(ti)對(dui)(dui)(dui)物(wu)(wu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)加以保(bao)護(hu)，簡單的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法是用草袋、竹笆一(yi)類材(cai)料(liao)覆(fu)蓋在需(xu)要(yao)保(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)上(shang)面;對(dui)(dui)(dui)房屋和(he)機器設(she)備常要(yao)在迎面和(he)頂部豎立排架，用木板(ban)或荊笆上(shang)罩鐵絲網，抵御較多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飛石和(he)較強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空氣沖擊(ji)波的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)打(da)擊(ji);對(dui)(dui)(dui)某些重要(yao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建筑物(wu)(wu)打(da)防震孔(kong)或者用預裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)將爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)區和(he)被(bei)保(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建筑物(wu)(wu)或工(gong)(gong)(gong)程設(she)施隔離開來(lai)。

一(yi)、查驗生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)企(qi)業(ye)資(zi)(zi)質(zhi)：1、經(jing)過(guo)(guo)歷年(nian)(nian)(nian)年(nian)(nian)(nian)審的(de)(de)(de)法人(ren)營業(ye)執照：一(yi)般情況下，個體(ti)工商(shang)戶(hu)、個人(ren)獨資(zi)(zi)企(qi)業(ye)注冊資(zi)(zi)金低(di)于(yu)人(ren)民(min)幣五十萬(wan)元的(de)(de)(de)即可認(ren)定為(wei)(wei)家庭作坊式(shi)廠(chang)家。2、具(ju)(ju)(ju)備(bei)一(yi)般納稅(shui)(shui)(shui)人(ren)資(zi)(zi)格的(de)(de)(de)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)務(wu)登記證(zheng)：企(qi)業(ye)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)年(nian)(nian)(nian)度銷售(shou)額達到(dao)或超過(guo)(guo)一(yi)定金額（以(yi)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)務(wu)發票開具(ju)(ju)(ju)數額為(wei)(wei)準）并經(jing)主管稅(shui)(shui)(shui)務(wu)機(ji)關核(he)準、具(ju)(ju)(ju)備(bei)獨立的(de)(de)(de)開票場所、專職(zhi)會計及相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)辦(ban)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)機(ji)具(ju)(ju)(ju)才能升級為(wei)(wei)一(yi)般納稅(shui)(shui)(shui)人(ren)企(qi)業(ye)。3、經(jing)過(guo)(guo)歷年(nian)(nian)(nian)年(nian)(nian)(nian)審的(de)(de)(de)組織機(ji)構代碼(ma)(ma)(ma)證(zheng)：組織機(ji)構代碼(ma)(ma)(ma)證(zheng)是(shi)中華人(ren)民(min)共(gong)和國(guo)(guo)(guo)境內始終不變(bian)的(de)(de)(de)法定代碼(ma)(ma)(ma)標(biao)識(shi)，未經(jing)年(nian)(nian)(nian)度審驗的(de)(de)(de)，可視為(wei)(wei)非(fei)法機(ji)構。4、國(guo)(guo)(guo)家強(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)性產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)認(ren)證(zheng)證(zheng)書：一(yi)般情況下，所有(you)的(de)(de)(de)電線(xian)電纜生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)企(qi)業(ye)只(zhi)要生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家強(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)性產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)認(ren)證(zheng)范圍內產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)必須通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家強(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)性產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)認(ren)證(zheng)（CCC）。依基本(ben)常(chang)識(shi)判斷(duan)，既然單(dan)位名(ming)稱為(wei)(wei)“xxx電線(xian)廠(chang)”“xxx線(xian)纜廠(chang)”，其(qi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)未通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)或從未通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家強(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)性產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)認(ren)證(zheng)，證(zheng)明其(qi)硬件(jian)、軟件(jian)設施及人(ren)員配備(bei)根本(ben)達不到(dao)一(yi)個合格的(de)(de)(de)電線(xian)電纜生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)廠(chang)家應具(ju)(ju)(ju)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)。5、國(guo)(guo)(guo)際質(zhi)量(liang)體(ti)系(xi)認(ren)證(zheng)證(zheng)書：ISO國(guo)(guo)(guo)際質(zhi)量(liang)體(ti)系(xi)認(ren)證(zheng)是(shi)一(yi)個企(qi)業(ye)整(zheng)體(ti)素(su)質(zhi)、產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)量(liang)管理水平(ping)以(yi)及服(fu)務(wu)水平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)志。6、開戶(hu)許可證(zheng)。

我(wo)國(guo)于1983年制定(ding)了(le)(le)《水工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)巖(yan)行基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范(fan)》(sD 121l一(yi)1983)。自(zi)此(ci)，在水利(li)水電建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)中(zhong)預(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)與(yu)光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)已成(cheng)為必須(xu)進(jin)行的(de)保護邊(bian)坡質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)技(ji)術(shu)措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)。此(ci)后在此(ci)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)上修訂的(de)《水工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)巖(yan)石基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范(fan)》(SL 47一(yi)1994)以及(ji)在《水電水利(li)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5135—2001)和(he)《水工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)巖(yan)石基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5389～2007)中(zhong)預(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)與(yu)光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)均(jun)被(bei)編入并有所改進(jin)，DL／T 5135—2001正在修編為DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道部也不僅規(gui)定(ding)了(le)(le)凡是Ⅲ級以上的(de)巖(yan)石邊(bian)坡，設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)邊(bian)坡坡度為1：0．1～1：0．75，在邊(bian)坡部位的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)和(he)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)都應采(cai)用光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)或預(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)，并闡述(shu)了(le)(le)光(guang)(guang)面(預(yu)(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)原則和(he)參數、安全措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)，而且還明確了(le)(le)路(lu)塹邊(bian)坡光(guang)(guang)面(預(yu)(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)項目質(zhi)量(liang)驗收(shou)檢測數量(liang)和(he)檢測方(fang)法。無(wu)疑該規(gui)程(cheng)的(de)實施(shi)，有力(li)地推動和(he)促進(jin)了(le)(le)光(guang)(guang)面(預(yu)(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)技(ji)術(shu)在鐵路(lu)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)中(zhong)的(de)應用與(yu)發展(zhan)。

是將炸藥裝(zhuang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)聚能管內，兩頭(tou)均放置了水袋(dai)，聚能管爆炸產生(sheng)的(de)高溫高壓(ya)射(she)流(liu)，讓水袋(dai)產生(sheng)“水楔”效(xiao)應(ying),使圍巖裂縫加劇延伸擴展。它是在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)水壓(ya)光面爆破基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)發展起來(lai)的(de)一(yi)項新技(ji)術，區(qu)別只(zhi)是在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)周邊眼中安裝(zhuang)專(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)線性聚能藥管替代(dai)常規(gui)爆破藥卷和傳爆線，只(zhi)要做到七大(da)關(guan)鍵環節：水袋(dai)挺(ting)拔飽滿(man)、炮泥(ni)軟硬適中、水袋(dai)裝(zhuang)填到底、炮泥(ni)回(hui)填到口、木棍逐節搗固、水藥緊密相連、槽面必須平行，就能對控(kong)制超欠挖起到良(liang)好效(xiao)果。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)推廣水壓(ya)爆破的(de)基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)，去年9月，水壓(ya)聚能爆破的(de)成(cheng)果上(shang)，今年更為(wei)深入(ru)地在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)興(xing)泉鐵路大(da)嶺隧道、牡(mu)佳(jia)鐵路麻山隧道采用(yong)(yong)了此(ci)項技(ji)術，積累了成(cheng)功經驗(yan)。

火(huo)索(suo)(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)，導(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)索(suo)(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)是利用(yong)(yong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)索(suo)(suo)(suo)傳(chuan)遞火(huo)焰點燃(ran)火(huo)雷(lei)管(guan)(guan)進而起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)。這(zhe)種起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)所需的(de)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)有：導(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)索(suo)(suo)(suo)、火(huo)雷(lei)管(guan)(guan)和點火(huo)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)。導(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)索(suo)(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)操作(zuo)簡單、靈活，使用(yong)(yong)方(fang)(fang)便，成本較低，廣(guang)泛應用(yong)(yong)于小型爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)和掘(jue)進。由于導(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)索(suo)(suo)(suo)的(de)速燃(ran)、緩燃(ran)等(deng)弊病，在(zai)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)中事故所占比(bi)重(zhong)最大。不能多處裝(zhuang)藥(yao)(yao)同(tong)時起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)，用(yong)(yong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)直接(jie)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)包的(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)叫導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)。先用(yong)(yong)雷(lei)管(guan)(guan)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)，當導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)轟(hong)波(bo)傳(chuan)至炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)包時，將炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)引爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。在(zai)需要延(yan)時分(fen)段起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)地方(fang)(fang)，將導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)中接(jie)入繼爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)(guan)，就(jiu)能達到(dao)導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)毫秒爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)的(de)目的(de)。這(zhe)種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)法(fa)所需起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)有：雷(lei)管(guan)(guan)、導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)和繼爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)(guan)等(deng)。導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路常(chang)用(yong)(yong)的(de)有：串聯(lian)(lian)、簇并聯(lian)(lian)、單向分(fen)段并聯(lian)(lian)和雙向分(fen)段并聯(lian)(lian)等(deng)。

專用o型聚能管光面爆破技術優勢：相對于傳統爆破工藝，聚能管光面爆破比常規爆破具有以下優勢∶少打眼，少裝藥。節約周邊鉆孔量50%，總鉆孔進尺減少30%；節約炸藥10～20%，雷管30%。節約噴漿料15-20%。節省時間∶每循環鉆孔、裝藥、噴漿時間1.5-2.0小時。o型聚能管價格在安全方面利用水(shui)沙(sha)袋(dai)替代炮(pao)泥，以(yi)(yi)避免搗(dao)炮(pao)泥損毀電(dian)雷(lei)管導(dao)線，造成瞎(xia)炮(pao)。大(da)大(da)減少(shao)對圍巖擾動，光面效(xiao)果(guo)好，巖性(xing)條件差情況(kuang)下可(ke)以(yi)(yi)大(da)大(da)減少(shao)超挖量，控制巷(xiang)道(dao)成型；巖性(xing)完整無節(jie)理情況(kuang)下眼痕率可(ke)以(yi)(yi)達到90%以(yi)(yi)上，巷(xiang)道(dao)成型好，穩定性(xing)強。布孔方式優(you)化成多排掏槽(cao)布孔，單(dan)次掘進深度可(ke)以(yi)(yi)優(you)化提高10%到15%不等。由于炮(pao)孔數量大(da)大(da)減少(shao)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)考慮一起全斷面起爆，節(jie)省(sheng)放炮(pao)時(shi)間。