各種爆破、爆破器材銷毀以及爆破器材意外爆炸時，爆破源與人員和其他保護對象之間的安全距離稱為爆破安全距離。爆破安全距離應取各種爆破效應（地震、沖擊波、飛石、有毒氣體等）分別核定的大值。專業礦用型聚能管爆破時，必然產生爆破地震、空氣沖擊波、碎石飛散及有害氣體，因此，爆破設計時必須確定爆破危害范圍，并確定爆點到附近人員、設備、建筑物及井巷等的安全，這一段距離就稱為爆破安全距離。專業礦用型聚能管如何控制好這段距(ju)(ju)離就顯的尤為重要(yao)。為保證爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安全(quan)(quan)，爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)地點與(yu)人員或(huo)其他應保護(hu)對象之(zhi)(zhi)間必(bi)須保持短的相隔長度。爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)有(you)害效應隨(sui)距(ju)(ju)離的增加有(you)規(gui)(gui)律地衰(shuai)減，用距(ju)(ju)離作為安全(quan)(quan)尺度可限定爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)有(you)害效應在允許限度之(zhi)(zhi)內。中國《爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安全(quan)(quan)規(gui)(gui)程》規(gui)(gui)定了爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)地震安全(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離，個別飛散(san)物安全(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離，以及爆(bao)炸沖擊(ji)波的安全(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離。

是由管(guan)體(ti)(ti)、前(qian)錐(zhui)形(xing)定(ding)(ding)(ding)格帽、后定(ding)(ding)(ding)格堵構(gou)成，管(guan)體(ti)(ti)為塑性材料制(zhi)成，呈管(guan)狀，管(guan)體(ti)(ti)外(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)小于正常炮(pao)眼(yan)內徑(jing)(jing)(jing)，長度可隨爆(bao)破(po)需要生(sheng)產，管(guan)體(ti)(ti)兩(liang)(liang)端各有(you)外(wai)螺紋(wen)(wen)，兩(liang)(liang)端外(wai)螺紋(wen)(wen)間(jian)有(you)一縱向(xiang)切(qie)縫，切(qie)縫間(jian)等距有(you)加強筋，前(qian)錐(zhui)形(xing)定(ding)(ding)(ding)格帽呈傘狀，傘形(xing)尖有(you)一光孔，兩(liang)(liang)側直壁內徑(jing)(jing)(jing)有(you)螺紋(wen)(wen)，與(yu)管(guan)體(ti)(ti)外(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)前(qian)端螺紋(wen)(wen)配合，帽體(ti)(ti)外(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)大于管(guan)體(ti)(ti)，后定(ding)(ding)(ding)格堵為一封蓋，外(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)直徑(jing)(jing)(jing)大于管(guan)體(ti)(ti)外(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)，與(yu)前(qian)錐(zhui)形(xing)定(ding)(ding)(ding)格帽外(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)一致，后定(ding)(ding)(ding)格堵內徑(jing)(jing)(jing)有(you)螺紋(wen)(wen)，與(yu)管(guan)體(ti)(ti)外(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)后端螺紋(wen)(wen)配合。可根據炮(pao)眼(yan)深度采用(yong)合適的(de)聚能管(guan)管(guan)體(ti)(ti)，不(bu)需其他工具幫助送入炮(pao)眼(yan)，切(qie)縫方向(xiang)準確，兩(liang)(liang)端的(de)前(qian)錐(zhui)形(xing)定(ding)(ding)(ding)格帽和后定(ding)(ding)(ding)格堵外(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)炮(pao)眼(yan)內徑(jing)(jing)(jing)一致，保(bao)證聚能管(guan)管(guan)體(ti)(ti)同心，定(ding)(ding)(ding)向(xiang)準確。且利于工業(ye)化生(sheng)產，作業(ye)安全(quan)

聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)由炸、形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)、隔板(ban)、殼(ke)體(ti)(ti)、引信和(he)支架等部分(fen)組成(cheng)，其(qi)作(zuo)用(yong)及對(dui)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)威力(li)的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)分(fen)述如下。1．炸，炸是聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管爆破的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源，炸的(de)(de)(de)爆壓(ya)越大，聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)彈威力(li)越大；為得到高(gao)爆壓(ya)，需高(gao)爆速、高(gao)密度的(de)(de)(de)炸。常用(yong)炸有(you)梯恩梯、8321炸等，裝(zhuang)方法有(you)熔(rong)鑄，塑裝(zhuang)和(he)壓(ya)裝(zhuang)多種。2．型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)，型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)是把炸的(de)(de)(de)爆炸能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉化成(cheng)罩(zhao)(zhao)體(ti)(ti)材(cai)(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)射(she)(she)流(liu)動(dong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，從(cong)而提高(gao)其(qi)穿透和(he)切割能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)。型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料必須滿足(zu)四(si)點要求(qiu)，即可壓(ya)縮性小(xiao)、密度高(gao)、塑性和(he)延展性好，在形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)射(she)(she)流(liu)中(zhong)不汽化。大量(liang)試驗證明(ming)，用(yong)紫銅制作(zuo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)效果好，其(qi)次為鑄鐵、鋼和(he)陶瓷。型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀多種多樣(yang)，主要有(you)軸(zhou)(zhou)對(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，如圓(yuan)錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)、半球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、拋(pao)物線形(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)喇叭(ba)形(xing)(xing)(xing)等；面(mian)對(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，常見的(de)(de)(de)有(you)用(yong)于(yu)切割屬板(ban)材(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)直線形(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)用(yong)于(yu)切割管材(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)環形(xing)(xing)(xing)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)罩(zhao)(zhao)兩種；中(zhong)心(xin)對(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，這(zhe)種球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)，中(zhong)心(xin)有(you)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)空腔和(he)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)，球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)外敷設炸，若能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)在瞬間同時起爆，可在空腔中(zhong)心(xin)點獲(huo)得極大的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)集中(zhong)。在工程(cheng)中(zhong)常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是軸(zhou)(zhou)對(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)面(mian)對(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)兩類型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)。

我國于1983年制定了(le)《水工(gong)建筑(zhu)(zhu)物巖(yan)行基礎(chu)(chu)開(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范》(sD 121l一1983)。自此，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)水利水電(dian)建設(she)(she)(she)中預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)與(yu)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)已(yi)成為(wei)(wei)必須(xu)進行的(de)(de)保護邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)質量的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)開(kai)挖(wa)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)措施(shi)(shi)。此后在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)此基礎(chu)(chu)上修訂(ding)的(de)(de)《水工(gong)建筑(zhu)(zhu)物巖(yan)石基礎(chu)(chu)開(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范》(SL 47一1994)以(yi)及(ji)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)《水電(dian)水利爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范》(DL／T 5135—2001)和《水工(gong)建筑(zhu)(zhu)物巖(yan)石基礎(chu)(chu)開(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范》(DL／T 5389～2007)中預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)與(yu)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)均被編(bian)入并(bing)有所改(gai)進，DL／T 5135—2001正在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)修編(bian)為(wei)(wei)DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道(dao)部也(ye)不僅規(gui)(gui)(gui)定了(le)凡是Ⅲ級以(yi)上的(de)(de)巖(yan)石邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)，設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)坡(po)(po)度(du)為(wei)(wei)1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)部位的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)和施(shi)(shi)工(gong)都(dou)應采用光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)或預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)，并(bing)闡(chan)述了(le)光(guang)面(預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)原則和參(can)數、安全措施(shi)(shi)，而且還明確了(le)路塹邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)光(guang)面(預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)項目質量驗收(shou)檢測(ce)數量和檢測(ce)方法。無(wu)疑該規(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)的(de)(de)實施(shi)(shi)，有力地推動和促(cu)進了(le)光(guang)面(預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)鐵路建設(she)(she)(she)中的(de)(de)應用與(yu)發展(zhan)。