我國于(yu)1983年制定了(le)(le)《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑物巖(yan)行(xing)基礎(chu)開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術規(gui)范》(sD 121l一(yi)(yi)1983)。自此(ci)，在(zai)水(shui)利(li)(li)水(shui)電建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)中預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)與光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)已成(cheng)為(wei)必須(xu)進行(xing)的保護(hu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)質量的爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)技(ji)術措(cuo)施(shi)。此(ci)后(hou)在(zai)此(ci)基礎(chu)上修訂的《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑物巖(yan)石基礎(chu)開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術規(gui)范》(SL 47一(yi)(yi)1994)以及在(zai)《水(shui)電水(shui)利(li)(li)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術規(gui)范》(DL／T 5135—2001)和(he)(he)《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑物巖(yan)石基礎(chu)開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術規(gui)范》(DL／T 5389～2007)中預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)與光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)均被(bei)編入并有所改進，DL／T 5135—2001正在(zai)修編為(wei)DL／T 5135—2012。鐵(tie)道部也不(bu)僅(jin)規(gui)定了(le)(le)凡是Ⅲ級以上的巖(yan)石邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)，設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)坡(po)度為(wei)1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)部位的爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)和(he)(he)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)都應(ying)采用(yong)(yong)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)或預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)，并闡述了(le)(le)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)的原則和(he)(he)參(can)數、安全措(cuo)施(shi)，而且(qie)還明確了(le)(le)路塹邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)項(xiang)目(mu)質量驗收檢(jian)測(ce)數量和(he)(he)檢(jian)測(ce)方法。無(wu)疑該規(gui)程(cheng)的實施(shi)，有力地推動和(he)(he)促進了(le)(le)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)術在(zai)鐵(tie)路建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)中的應(ying)用(yong)(yong)與發展。

專業爆破多向聚能管水壓光面爆破較水壓光面爆破，在周邊眼單循環火工品使用量上節約費用8.3%，周邊眼鉆孔數量從39個下降為23個費用節約41%，混凝土噴射每延米節約1.37立方米。平頂山爆破多向聚能管水(shui)壓(ya)光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)比水(shui)壓(ya)光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)每(mei)循(xun)環(huan)節(jie)約費(fei)用(yong)258.4元，即每(mei)延米(mi)節(jie)約76較元，節(jie)約費(fei)用(yong)比例達32%。此(ci)外，聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)水(shui)壓(ya)光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)能(neng)(neng)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)降低隧道內石渣塊度(du)和粉塵含(han)量，還可(ke)使(shi)通(tong)風時間(jian)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)縮短33%。聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)工藝技術很成(cheng)熟、可(ke)操作性(xing)很強(qiang)、材料(liao)成(cheng)本很低、施工速度(du)很快、節(jie)能(neng)(neng)環(huan)保效(xiao)(xiao)果很顯(xian)著(zhu)、經濟(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)益社會效(xiao)(xiao)益很高。聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)定(ding)向爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技術是近幾年發展起(qi)來(lai)的(de)一項掘進(jin)新技術,這種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技術與傳統(tong)的(de)光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技術有(you)一定(ding)的(de)差別,聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)定(ding)向爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)原(yuan)理是在(zai)巷道周邊眼中,將炸裝在(zai)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)中起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao),爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)時利用(yong)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)的(de)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)作用(yong),以減少裂隙的(de)數(shu)量和控制優勢裂隙的(de)發展方向。

預(yu)(yu)裂與光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史與現狀：預(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)破(po)是(shi)(shi)沿(yan)(yan)設(she)計開挖邊(bian)(bian)界(jie)布(bu)置密集(ji)炮孔，采取(qu)不(bu)耦合裝藥或(huo)裝填(tian)低(di)威力(li)炸藥，在(zai)(zai)主爆(bao)(bao)區(qu)之前(qian)起爆(bao)(bao)，從而在(zai)(zai)爆(bao)(bao)區(qu)與保(bao)留(liu)區(qu)之間形(xing)成(cheng)預(yu)(yu)裂縫，以減弱主爆(bao)(bao)破(po)對保(bao)留(liu)巖(yan)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)破(po)壞并形(xing)成(cheng)平(ping)整(zheng)輪(lun)廓(kuo)(kuo)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)作業。光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)是(shi)(shi)沿(yan)(yan)設(she)計開挖邊(bian)(bian)界(jie)布(bu)設(she)密集(ji)炮孔，采用(yong)不(bu)耦合裝藥或(huo)裝填(tian)低(di)威力(li)炸藥，在(zai)(zai)主爆(bao)(bao)區(qu)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)之后起爆(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)以形(xing)成(cheng)平(ping)整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開挖輪(lun)廓(kuo)(kuo)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)作業。爆(bao)(bao)破(po)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展是(shi)(shi)先出現光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)，然后衍生發展為預(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)破(po)。聚能管國(guo)內歷(li)史與現狀，我(wo)國(guo)于1964～1965年(nian)在(zai)(zai)湖北陸水(shui)水(shui)電站施工(gong)中(zhong)做過淺孔預(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)破(po)試(shi)驗，1965年(nian)鐵道部門在(zai)(zai)成(cheng)昆鐵路(lu)建(jian)設(she)中(zhong)開始試(shi)驗光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)，1977年(nian)在(zai)(zai)西延線(xian)張家船(chuan)工(gong)點，全長近200m的(de)(de)(de)(de)2000m2路(lu)塹邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)全部采用(yong)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)，爆(bao)(bao)破(po)后邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)平(ping)整(zheng)穩定(ding)，殘留(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)半孔清晰可(ke)見，是(shi)(shi)鐵路(lu)建(jian)設(she)中(zhong)采用(yong)路(lu)塹光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)。

聚能藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)破(po)碎(sui)法特點是:不(bu)需(xu)要打眼(yan)(yan)(yan)，因而(er)不(bu)需(xu)要購買(mai)打眼(yan)(yan)(yan)設備和(he)動力(li)設備;施工(gong)簡單(dan)，施工(gong)進度(du)比淺(qian)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)爆破(po)法快安全(quan)性(xing)比普(pu)通淺(qian)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)爆破(po)法和(he)普(pu)通裸露藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)法好;勞(lao)動強(qiang)度(du)比淺(qian)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)爆破(po)法低。制(zhi)造聚能藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)所采用的(de)(de)(de)(de)炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有:黑索金和(he)梯(ti)恩梯(ti)混(hun)合熔鑄型(xing);乳(ru)化油炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)和(he)黑索金混(hun)裝型(xing)和(he)二號巖石硝鉸炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)壓制(zhi)型(xing)。根(gen)據使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)結果證明，選用密度(du)較大和(he)爆速較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)制(zhi)造聚能藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)能獲得較好的(de)(de)(de)(de)破(po)碎(sui)效果。這主要是由(you)于(yu)它加(jia)工(gong)簡單(dan)和(he)破(po)碎(sui)能力(li)較大。在礦(kuang)山由(you)于(yu)二次破(po)碎(sui)消耗的(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)較多(duo)，而(er)且金屬藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)型(xing)罩(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)費工(gong)又費材料，所以多(duo)不(bu)采用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)型(xing)罩(zhao)。國內(nei)生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)用于(yu)破(po)碎(sui)大塊(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)聚能藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)，裝置聚能藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)時(shi)，要將(jiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)垂直裝在大塊(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)頂(ding)面上，聚能穴朝下。藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)位置應選在頂(ding)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)何中心或附近較平(ping)整的(de)(de)(de)(de)地點。然后在上面覆蓋泥沙。

給大家介紹下(xia)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術原(yuan)理(li)∶炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)爆(bao)(bao)炸(zha)產生的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)轟波通過聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管的(de)(de)(de)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽(cao)，將炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)動能(neng)(neng)、勢能(neng)(neng)轉換成高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)、高(gao)速、高(gao)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)射(she)流，切(qie)割演示成縫。射(she)流在孔(kong)壁產生射(she)流壓(ya)(ya)力達7000MPa，巖石(shi)動載抗壓(ya)(ya)強度為(wei)(wei)200MPa，抗拉(la)(la)為(wei)(wei)1/8～1/10的(de)(de)(de)抗壓(ya)(ya)強度，相鄰(lin)兩(liang)(liang)炮孔(kong)互為(wei)(wei)鄰(lin)空面，疊加后的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)波變為(wei)(wei)稀疏波，在兩(liang)(liang)炮眼連線(xian)上使巖石(shi)結構斷裂，形成裂紋。準靜態氣(qi)體膨脹，靜態壓(ya)(ya)力在兩(liang)(liang)炮孔(kong)最短連線(xian)兩(liang)(liang)側產生拉(la)(la)力使巖石(shi)裂縫進(jin)一步(bu)擴展。根據爆(bao)(bao)破(po)應力集中氣(qi)刃作(zuo)用原(yuan)則(ze)，爆(bao)(bao)破(po)氣(qi)體沿(yan)裂縫進(jin)一步(bu)擴大貫通，拋落巖石(shi)。

水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破技術(shu)基礎上(shang)發(fa)展起(qi)來的一項(xiang)新技術(shu)，其掏槽眼(yan)、輔(fu)助眼(yan)裝藥(yao)結構和(he)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破方式與水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破相同(tong)，但(dan)在周邊(bian)(bian)眼(yan)中安(an)裝專(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)線性(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)管(guan)替代常(chang)規爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破藥(yao)卷和(he)傳(chuan)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)線，利用(yong)(yong)線性(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)管(guan)產生(sheng)的粒子射流動能(neng)、高壓(ya)(ya)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破氣體應力及(ji)“氣楔”作用(yong)(yong)，形成平整圓順的開挖輪(lun)廓面(mian)(mian)，對控(kong)制超欠挖具有良好效果，有效提升了隧道施工質量、進(jin)度和(he)經濟效益。水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破較(jiao)水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破，在周邊(bian)(bian)眼(yan)單循環(huan)火工品使用(yong)(yong)量上(shang)節(jie)(jie)約費用(yong)(yong)8.3%，周邊(bian)(bian)眼(yan)鉆孔數量從(cong)39個下降(jiang)為23個費用(yong)(yong)節(jie)(jie)約41%，混凝土噴射每(mei)延米節(jie)(jie)約1.37立方米。聚(ju)能(neng)水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破比水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破每(mei)循環(huan)節(jie)(jie)約費用(yong)(yong)258.4元，即(ji)每(mei)延米節(jie)(jie)約76較(jiao)元，節(jie)(jie)約費用(yong)(yong)比例達(da)32%。此外，聚(ju)能(neng)水(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破能(neng)有效降(jiang)低(di)隧道內石渣(zha)塊度和(he)粉塵含(han)量，還可使通風時間有效縮短33%。