對于爆(bao)破(po)作(zuo)業(ye)安全(quan)(quan)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)研究,是(shi)從兩個(ge)方面(mian)去考慮的(de)(de)(de)，一(yi)方面(mian)是(shi)炸和(he)起爆(bao)器材以及對其(qi)爆(bao)炸所造成的(de)(de)(de)破(po)壞作(zuo)用進行限制的(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)(quan)技(ji)術(shu),這是(shi)主動的(de)(de)(de)。另一(yi)個(ge)方面(mian)是(shi)對爆(bao)破(po)所產生的(de)(de)(de)危害(hai)采(cai)取(qu)的(de)(de)(de)防護措施(shi),這是(shi)被(bei)動的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)方面(mian)。兩者對阻止(zhi)爆(bao)破(po)帶來的(de)(de)(de)破(po)壞性有(you)同(tong)樣的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)性,但(dan)在(zai)具(ju)體的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)破(po)工程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong),則(ze)常常會(hui)有(you)變化不(bu)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)現象和(he)后果,因此,必須對每一(yi)項(xiang)工程(cheng)(cheng)破(po)壞的(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體情況(kuang)作(zuo)細(xi)致的(de)(de)(de)分析研究,從而(er)采(cai)取(qu)適當的(de)(de)(de)對策(ce)。同(tong)時，雖(sui)然技(ji)術(shu)不(bu)斷取(qu)得進步，須在(zai)操作(zuo)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)注意每個(ge)工序，按照安全(quan)(quan)規(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)認(ren)真作(zuo)業(ye)。只(zhi)要(yao)嚴(yan)格遵守安全(quan)(quan)規(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)、正(zheng)確地(di)采(cai)取(qu)安全(quan)(quan)技(ji)術(shu)措施(shi)和(he)防護措施(shi),任何規(gui)(gui)(gui)模、任何種類的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)破(po)是(shi)可以確保(bao)安全(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)。一(yi)些安全(quan)(quan)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)條文是(shi)有(you)經驗教(jiao)訓和(he)理論(lun)根(gen)據的(de)(de)(de)，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)甚至是(shi)血的(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)訓的(de)(de)(de)總(zong)結，所以一(yi)定(ding)(ding)要(yao)克服麻痹思想，嚴(yan)格執行安全(quan)(quan)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)，決不(bu)能以沒(mei)出(chu)過(guo)事故而(er)輕率地(di)"突破(po)"規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)"框(kuang)框(kuang)"。

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是將炸藥裝(zhuang)在(zai)聚(ju)能(neng)管內，兩頭(tou)均放置(zhi)了水(shui)(shui)袋，聚(ju)能(neng)管爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸產(chan)生的(de)高(gao)溫高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)射(she)流(liu)，讓水(shui)(shui)袋產(chan)生“水(shui)(shui)楔”效(xiao)(xiao)應,使圍巖裂(lie)縫加(jia)劇(ju)延伸擴展。它是在(zai)水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)基礎上(shang)發展起來(lai)的(de)一項新技術，區別只(zhi)是在(zai)周邊眼中安裝(zhuang)專用(yong)線性聚(ju)能(neng)藥管替(ti)代常規爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)藥卷和傳爆(bao)(bao)(bao)線，只(zhi)要做到七大關鍵環節(jie)：水(shui)(shui)袋挺拔飽滿、炮(pao)泥軟硬適(shi)中、水(shui)(shui)袋裝(zhuang)填到底(di)、炮(pao)泥回(hui)填到口、木棍(gun)逐(zhu)節(jie)搗(dao)固、水(shui)(shui)藥緊密相(xiang)連、槽面(mian)必(bi)須平行，就(jiu)能(neng)對控制超欠挖起到良好效(xiao)(xiao)果。在(zai)推廣(guang)水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)的(de)基礎上(shang)，去年9月(yue)，水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)聚(ju)能(neng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)的(de)成果上(shang)，今年更為深入地在(zai)興泉(quan)鐵路大嶺隧(sui)道(dao)、牡佳鐵路麻山隧(sui)道(dao)采用(yong)了此項技術，積(ji)累了成功經驗。

聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)包由炸(zha)(zha)、形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)、隔板(ban)、殼體(ti)、引信(xin)和(he)支(zhi)架等部分組成，其(qi)作用(yong)(yong)及對(dui)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)包威(wei)力(li)的(de)影響分述如(ru)下。1．炸(zha)(zha)，炸(zha)(zha)是聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管爆(bao)破(po)的(de)能(neng)(neng)源，炸(zha)(zha)的(de)爆(bao)壓越大，聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)彈威(wei)力(li)越大；為(wei)得到(dao)高(gao)爆(bao)壓，需高(gao)爆(bao)速(su)、高(gao)密度的(de)炸(zha)(zha)。常用(yong)(yong)炸(zha)(zha)有(you)梯恩梯、8321炸(zha)(zha)等，裝(zhuang)(zhuang)方法有(you)熔鑄，塑(su)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)和(he)壓裝(zhuang)(zhuang)多(duo)(duo)種。2．型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)，型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)作用(yong)(yong)是把炸(zha)(zha)的(de)爆(bao)炸(zha)(zha)能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)化成罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)體(ti)材(cai)料的(de)射(she)流(liu)動能(neng)(neng)，從而提高(gao)其(qi)穿透和(he)切割(ge)能(neng)(neng)力(li)。型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)材(cai)料必須(xu)滿足四點要求，即(ji)可壓縮(suo)性(xing)(xing)小(xiao)、密度高(gao)、塑(su)性(xing)(xing)和(he)延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)好(hao)(hao)，在(zai)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成射(she)流(liu)中(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)汽化。大量試驗證明(ming)，用(yong)(yong)紫銅制作型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)效果好(hao)(hao)，其(qi)次為(wei)鑄鐵(tie)、鋼和(he)陶瓷。型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)多(duo)(duo)種多(duo)(duo)樣，主要有(you)軸對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)，如(ru)圓(yuan)錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、半(ban)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、拋物(wu)線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)喇叭形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等；面對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)，常見的(de)有(you)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)切割(ge)屬(shu)板(ban)材(cai)的(de)直(zhi)線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)切割(ge)管材(cai)的(de)環(huan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)兩(liang)種；中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)，這種球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)包，中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)有(you)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)空腔和(he)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)，球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)外敷設炸(zha)(zha)，若能(neng)(neng)在(zai)瞬間同時起爆(bao)，可在(zai)空腔中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)點獲得極大的(de)能(neng)(neng)量集中(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)工(gong)程中(zhong)(zhong)常用(yong)(yong)的(de)是軸對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)面對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)兩(liang)類型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)。

我國于1983年制定了《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)(wu)巖行基礎(chu)(chu)開挖(wa)(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(sD 121l一1983)。自此(ci)，在(zai)水(shui)利水(shui)電建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)中預裂爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)與(yu)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)已(yi)成為必須(xu)進行的(de)(de)(de)保護邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)開挖(wa)(wa)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)措(cuo)施(shi)。此(ci)后在(zai)此(ci)基礎(chu)(chu)上修訂的(de)(de)(de)《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)(wu)巖石(shi)基礎(chu)(chu)開挖(wa)(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(SL 47一1994)以(yi)及在(zai)《水(shui)電水(shui)利爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5135—2001)和(he)《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)(wu)巖石(shi)基礎(chu)(chu)開挖(wa)(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5389～2007)中預裂爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)與(yu)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)均(jun)被編入并有所改進，DL／T 5135—2001正在(zai)修編為DL／T 5135—2012。鐵(tie)道部也不僅(jin)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定了凡是(shi)Ⅲ級以(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)巖石(shi)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)，設(she)(she)計邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)坡(po)(po)度為1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)部位的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)設(she)(she)計和(he)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)都應采用光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)或預裂爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，并闡述了光(guang)面(mian)(預裂)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)(de)原則和(he)參(can)數(shu)(shu)、安(an)全(quan)措(cuo)施(shi)，而且還明確了路塹邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)光(guang)面(mian)(預裂)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)項目質量(liang)驗(yan)收檢測數(shu)(shu)量(liang)和(he)檢測方法。無疑該規(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)，有力地推動和(he)促(cu)進了光(guang)面(mian)(預裂)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)在(zai)鐵(tie)路建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)中的(de)(de)(de)應用與(yu)發(fa)展。