我國于(yu)1983年(nian)制定了《水工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)物巖行基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎開挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(sD 121l一(yi)1983)。自此，在(zai)(zai)水利(li)水電建(jian)設(she)(she)中預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)與光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)已成為(wei)必須(xu)進行的(de)保護(hu)邊(bian)(bian)坡質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)開挖(wa)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)措施(shi)。此后(hou)在(zai)(zai)此基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎上(shang)修(xiu)訂的(de)《水工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)物巖石基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎開挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(SL 47一(yi)1994)以(yi)及在(zai)(zai)《水電水利(li)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5135—2001)和(he)(he)(he)(he)《水工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)物巖石基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎開挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5389～2007)中預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)與光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)均被編入并(bing)有(you)所改進，DL／T 5135—2001正(zheng)在(zai)(zai)修(xiu)編為(wei)DL／T 5135—2012。鐵(tie)道(dao)部也不僅規(gui)(gui)定了凡是Ⅲ級以(yi)上(shang)的(de)巖石邊(bian)(bian)坡，設(she)(she)計邊(bian)(bian)坡坡度為(wei)1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)(zai)邊(bian)(bian)坡部位(wei)的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)設(she)(she)計和(he)(he)(he)(he)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)都應(ying)采用(yong)(yong)光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)或預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，并(bing)闡(chan)述了光面(預(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)設(she)(she)計的(de)原則和(he)(he)(he)(he)參數、安全(quan)措施(shi)，而且還明確了路塹邊(bian)(bian)坡光面(預(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)項(xiang)目質(zhi)量(liang)驗收(shou)檢(jian)測數量(liang)和(he)(he)(he)(he)檢(jian)測方法。無(wu)疑(yi)該規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)的(de)實施(shi)，有(you)力地推動和(he)(he)(he)(he)促(cu)進了光面(預(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)在(zai)(zai)鐵(tie)路建(jian)設(she)(she)中的(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)與發展(zhan)。

水壓(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)技術，是(shi)在(zai)水壓(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)技術基礎上(shang)發(fa)展起來的(de)一(yi)項(xiang)新技術，其掏槽眼、輔助眼裝(zhuang)藥(yao)結構和(he)爆(bao)破(po)(po)方式與水壓(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)相同，但在(zai)周邊眼中安裝(zhuang)專用(yong)(yong)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管裝(zhuang)置替代(dai)常規爆(bao)破(po)(po)藥(yao)卷(juan)和(he)傳爆(bao)線，利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)粒(li)子射流動能(neng)(neng)(neng)、高(gao)壓(ya)爆(bao)破(po)(po)氣體應力及“氣楔”作用(yong)(yong)，形成平整圓順(shun)的(de)開挖輪廓面(mian)，對控制超(chao)欠(qian)挖具有(you)良好效(xiao)果，有(you)效(xiao)提(ti)升了隧道施工(gong)質量(liang)、進(jin)度和(he)經濟效(xiao)益(yi)。科學合理地利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)，提(ti)高(gao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)效(xiao)率，對節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)減排(pai)也十分重要(yao)。利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管兩端(duan)的(de)水平開出的(de)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)射流效(xiao)應對巖石進(jin)行破(po)(po)碎。據專家測算，由于聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管兩端(duan)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)切割效(xiao)應，其能(neng)(neng)(neng)效(xiao)比提(ti)升一(yi)個量(liang)級。

采用一(yi)種抗靜(jing)電阻燃(ran)的(de)特種塑料管(guan)(guan)(guan)、異形雙槽聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)，根(gen)據炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)深(shen)度可(ke)長可(ke)短。是兩個相似(si)半(ban)壁(bi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)組成(cheng)，半(ban)壁(bi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)央有個凹進去(qu)的(de)槽叫(jiao)做(zuo)'聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽"，使用聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)光(guang)面(mian)爆破(po)(po)成(cheng)型效果好，開(kai)挖(wa)輪(lun)廓線平(ping)順整齊，圍巖(yan)擾動減(jian)(jian)(jian)少、超欠挖(wa)明顯改善，有利于支護工(gong)序施工(gong)，同(tong)時混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)回(hui)填成(cheng)本(ben)大(da)(da)為(wei)降(jiang)低(di)。鑿(zao)孔(kong)率減(jian)(jian)(jian)少30%，大(da)(da)大(da)(da)降(jiang)低(di)了(le)爆破(po)(po)作業(ye)工(gong)班的(de)勞動量(liang)(liang):鉆孔(kong)縮短30分(fen)鐘、少打眼(yan)(yan)(yan)、出(chu)渣量(liang)(liang)減(jian)(jian)(jian)少，降(jiang)低(di)了(le)材料成(cheng)本(ben)、減(jian)(jian)(jian)少工(gong)時消耗(hao)、勞動效率明顯提(ti)高(gao)，周(zhou)邊眼(yan)(yan)(yan)爆破(po)(po)成(cheng)本(ben)降(jiang)低(di)30%以上，半(ban)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)痕保(bao)留率高(gao)達85%以上。pvc爆破(po)(po)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)主(zhu)要應用于隧道(dao)、煤礦、鐵礦等需要進行光(guang)面(mian)爆破(po)(po)施工(gong)的(de)工(gong)程(cheng)。采用聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)光(guang)面(mian)爆破(po)(po)可(ke)減(jian)(jian)(jian)少鉆孔(kong)，擴(kuo)大(da)(da)孔(kong)距，減(jian)(jian)(jian)少導爆管(guan)(guan)(guan)用量(liang)(liang)，減(jian)(jian)(jian)少超挖(wa)，減(jian)(jian)(jian)少噴(pen)漿(jiang)，提(ti)高(gao)半(ban)孔(kong)率，既節省了(le)成(cheng)本(ben)又提(ti)高(gao)了(le)施工(gong)效率。

聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)包由(you)炸(zha)(zha)、形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩、隔板、殼體、引信(xin)和(he)支架等(deng)部分組成，其作用及對(dui)(dui)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)包威力的(de)(de)影響分述如(ru)下(xia)。1．炸(zha)(zha)，炸(zha)(zha)是聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)，炸(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)壓(ya)(ya)越大，聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)彈威力越大；為得到高(gao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)壓(ya)(ya)，需高(gao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)速、高(gao)密度的(de)(de)炸(zha)(zha)。常用炸(zha)(zha)有(you)梯恩梯、8321炸(zha)(zha)等(deng)，裝(zhuang)方法有(you)熔鑄(zhu)(zhu)，塑裝(zhuang)和(he)壓(ya)(ya)裝(zhuang)多(duo)種。2．型(xing)(xing)罩，型(xing)(xing)罩的(de)(de)作用是把炸(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉化(hua)成罩體材料的(de)(de)射(she)流動能(neng)(neng)(neng)，從而提高(gao)其穿透和(he)切割(ge)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力。型(xing)(xing)罩的(de)(de)材料必須(xu)滿足四點(dian)要求(qiu)，即可(ke)壓(ya)(ya)縮性(xing)小、密度高(gao)、塑性(xing)和(he)延展(zhan)性(xing)好(hao)，在(zai)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成射(she)流中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不汽化(hua)。大量(liang)試(shi)驗證明，用紫銅制作型(xing)(xing)罩效果好(hao)，其次(ci)為鑄(zhu)(zhu)鐵、鋼和(he)陶(tao)瓷。型(xing)(xing)罩的(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)多(duo)種多(duo)樣，主要有(you)軸(zhou)(zhou)對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)，如(ru)圓錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、半球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、拋物線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)喇叭形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等(deng)；面對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)，常見的(de)(de)有(you)用于切割(ge)屬(shu)板材的(de)(de)直(zhi)線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)用于切割(ge)管(guan)材的(de)(de)環形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)罩兩種；中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)，這種球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)包，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心有(you)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)空腔和(he)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩，球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩外敷設炸(zha)(zha)，若能(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)瞬間同時起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)，可(ke)在(zai)空腔中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心點(dian)獲得極大的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)工程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)常用的(de)(de)是軸(zhou)(zhou)對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)和(he)面對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)兩類型(xing)(xing)罩。

在工程爆破中，礦用型聚能管公司常用的起爆方法有：電力起爆法、導火索起爆法、導爆索起爆法、導爆管起爆法。電力起爆法是利用電能使雷管爆炸，進而起爆炸藥的起爆芳法。它所需的器材有：電雷管、導線和起爆電源。電爆網路的連接形式，要根據爆破方法、爆破規模、工程的重要性、所選起爆電源及其起爆能力等進行選擇，焦作礦用型聚能管基本(ben)連接方(fang)式有：串(chuan)聯、并(bing)聯、串(chuan)并(bing)聯和并(bing)串(chuan)聯等(deng)。電(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)爆法(fa)具(ju)有較安全(quan)、可靠(kao)、準確、高效(xiao)等(deng)優點，在國內外仍占(zhan)有較大比重。在大、中型(xing)爆破中，主(zhu)要仍是(shi)(shi)用電(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)爆。特別是(shi)(shi)在有瓦斯、礦(kuang)塵(chen)爆炸(zha)的環境(jing)中，電(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)爆是(shi)(shi)主(zhu)要的起(qi)(qi)爆方(fang)法(fa)。但電(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)爆容易受(shou)各種電(dian)(dian)信號(hao)的干擾而(er)發生早爆，因(yin)此在有雜散電(dian)(dian)、靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)、雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)、射(she)頻電(dian)(dian)、高壓感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)的環境(jing)中，不能使用普通電(dian)(dian)雷(lei)管。