在(zai)鐵路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、礦(kuang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、水(shui)庫等大(da)型工(gong)程(cheng)中,爆(bao)(bao)破技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)很關(guan)鍵很重(zhong)要。采(cai)(cai)礦(kuang)修(xiu)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)挖(wa)隧道,城(cheng)市對舊建(jian)筑物的(de)(de)(de)(de)拆除,都會用(yong)(yong)到(dao)爆(bao)(bao)破技(ji)術(shu)。隨(sui)著經濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展、工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)(de)增多(duo),爆(bao)(bao)破引起了人們更多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)注(zhu)。爆(bao)(bao)破聚(ju)能管作為(wei)一(yi)種科學技(ji)術(shu),應用(yong)(yong)很廣,但(dan)在(zai)工(gong)程(cheng)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)無疑是(shi)重(zhong)要、常見的(de)(de)(de)(de),采(cai)(cai)礦(kuang)開(kai)山(shan)(shan)(shan),修(xiu)鐵路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、公路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)用(yong)(yong)鉆爆(bao)(bao)法來開(kai)掘隧道,水(shui)利(li)工(gong)程(cheng)上也用(yong)(yong)一(yi)些,城(cheng)市里面(mian)也使用(yong)(yong)了,拆除樓房(fang)。利(li)用(yong)(yong)炸(zha)爆(bao)(bao)炸(zha)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)巨大(da)能量破壞某種物體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原結構,這(zhe)種"破壞"效果不(bu)(bu)是(shi)其他方法能代替的(de)(de)(de)(de),它雖然不(bu)(bu)是(shi)獨(du)立完成一(yi)個(ge)工(gong)程(cheng),但(dan)卻(que)是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)序,特別是(shi)石方開(kai)挖(wa)、礦(kuang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)開(kai)采(cai)(cai)等工(gong)程(cheng)缺少了這(zhe)個(ge)工(gong)序還不(bu)(bu)行。中國(guo)目前有(you)發(fa)達(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)和公路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)交通網(wang),可以想(xiang)象,當初在(zai)修(xiu)這(zhe)些路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)會遇到(dao)許多(duo)高山(shan)(shan)(shan)峻(jun)嶺,一(yi)座(zuo)大(da)山(shan)(shan)(shan)橫(heng)在(zai)兩地之間,想(xiang)要修(xiu)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu),就必(bi)須(xu)讓這(zhe)座(zuo)山(shan)(shan)(shan)消失,這(zhe)個(ge)時(shi)候(hou)聚(ju)能管爆(bao)(bao)破就起到(dao)決定(ding)性作用(yong)(yong)了。
預(yu)(yu)裂與光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)技術(shu)的(de)歷(li)(li)史與現狀(zhuang):預(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)是(shi)沿設計開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)邊界布置密(mi)集(ji)炮孔,采(cai)取不耦合(he)裝(zhuang)藥或(huo)裝(zhuang)填低威力(li)炸藥,在(zai)主(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)之前起爆(bao)(bao)(bao),從而(er)在(zai)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)與保(bao)留(liu)區(qu)之間形(xing)成預(yu)(yu)裂縫,以(yi)減弱主(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)對保(bao)留(liu)巖體的(de)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)壞并形(xing)成平(ping)整(zheng)輪廓面(mian)(mian)的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)作(zuo)業。光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)是(shi)沿設計開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)邊界布設密(mi)集(ji)炮孔,采(cai)用(yong)不耦合(he)裝(zhuang)藥或(huo)裝(zhuang)填低威力(li)炸藥,在(zai)主(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)之后起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)以(yi)形(xing)成平(ping)整(zheng)的(de)開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)輪廓面(mian)(mian)的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)作(zuo)業。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)技術(shu)的(de)發展是(shi)先出現光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po),然后衍生發展為預(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)。聚能管國內歷(li)(li)史與現狀(zhuang),我國于1964~1965年(nian)在(zai)湖北陸水水電站施工中(zhong)做過(guo)淺孔預(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)試(shi)驗,1965年(nian)鐵道部門在(zai)成昆鐵路(lu)建(jian)設中(zhong)開(kai)(kai)(kai)始試(shi)驗光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po),1977年(nian)在(zai)西延線張家船工點(dian),全(quan)長(chang)近200m的(de)2000m2路(lu)塹(qian)邊坡(po)全(quan)部采(cai)用(yong)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po),爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)后邊坡(po)平(ping)整(zheng)穩定,殘留(liu)的(de)半孔清晰(xi)可見(jian),是(shi)鐵路(lu)建(jian)設中(zhong)采(cai)用(yong)路(lu)塹(qian)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)。
光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破技術優勢:相對(dui)于傳(chuan)統爆(bao)(bao)破工藝,聚能管(guan)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破比(bi)常規爆(bao)(bao)破具有以(yi)(yi)(yi)下優勢∶少(shao)(shao)(shao)打眼,少(shao)(shao)(shao)裝(zhuang)藥。節(jie)約(yue)(yue)周(zhou)邊鉆(zhan)孔量50%,總鉆(zhan)孔進尺(chi)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)30%;節(jie)約(yue)(yue)炸藥10~20%,雷管(guan)30%。節(jie)約(yue)(yue)噴漿料(liao)15-20%。節(jie)省(sheng)時(shi)間(jian)∶每(mei)循環鉆(zhan)孔、裝(zhuang)藥、噴漿時(shi)間(jian)1.5-2.0小時(shi)。在安(an)全方面(mian)(mian)利(li)用(yong)水沙袋替代炮泥,以(yi)(yi)(yi)避免搗炮泥損毀電雷管(guan)導線,造成(cheng)(cheng)瞎炮。大(da)大(da)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)對(dui)圍巖擾動,光(guang)面(mian)(mian)效果好,巖性(xing)條件差情況(kuang)下可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)大(da)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)超挖量,控制(zhi)巷道成(cheng)(cheng)型;巖性(xing)完整無節(jie)理(li)情況(kuang)下眼痕率可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)達到(dao)90%以(yi)(yi)(yi)上,巷道成(cheng)(cheng)型好,穩定性(xing)強。布(bu)孔方式(shi)優化成(cheng)(cheng)多排掏槽布(bu)孔,單次掘進深(shen)度可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)優化提高10%到(dao)15%不(bu)等。由于炮孔數(shu)量大(da)大(da)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)考慮一起(qi)(qi)全斷面(mian)(mian)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao),節(jie)省(sheng)放炮時(shi)間(jian)。
在工程爆破中,c型聚能管價格常用的起爆方法有:電力起爆法、導火索起爆法、導爆索起爆法、導爆管起爆法。電力起爆法是利用電能使雷管爆炸,進而起爆炸藥的起爆芳法。它所需的器材有:電雷管、導線和起爆電源。電爆網路的連接形式,要根據爆破方法、爆破規模、工程的重要性、所選起爆電源及其起爆能力等進行選擇,黃山c型聚能管基本連接方式有(you)(you):串(chuan)聯、并聯、串(chuan)并聯和(he)并串(chuan)聯等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)法具有(you)(you)較安(an)全、可靠(kao)、準確、高效等優點,在(zai)國內外(wai)仍占有(you)(you)較大(da)(da)比重。在(zai)大(da)(da)、中(zhong)(zhong)型爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中(zhong)(zhong),主(zhu)要仍是用電(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)。特(te)別是在(zai)有(you)(you)瓦(wa)斯、礦塵爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸的環境中(zhong)(zhong),電(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)是主(zhu)要的起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)方法。但電(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)容易(yi)受各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)信號的干擾(rao)而發生早爆(bao)(bao)(bao),因此在(zai)有(you)(you)雜散電(dian)(dian)(dian)、靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)、射頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)、高壓感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的環境中(zhong)(zhong),不能使用普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)雷管。