各種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)器材銷毀以及爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)器材意外爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸時(shi)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)源與人員(yuan)(yuan)和其(qi)他保(bao)(bao)護對(dui)象(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)稱為爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)應(ying)取(qu)各種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)效(xiao)應(ying)（地(di)震、沖(chong)擊(ji)波(bo)、飛(fei)石、有(you)毒氣體(ti)等）分別核定(ding)的(de)大值。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)時(shi)，必然產生爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)地(di)震、空氣沖(chong)擊(ji)波(bo)、碎石飛(fei)散及有(you)害氣體(ti)，因此(ci)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)設計時(shi)必須(xu)確定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)危(wei)害范圍，并確定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)點到附(fu)近(jin)人員(yuan)(yuan)、設備、建(jian)筑物及井巷等的(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)，這一段距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)就稱為爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)。如何控制好(hao)這段距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)就顯的(de)尤為重要(yao)。為保(bao)(bao)證爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)全(quan)(quan)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)地(di)點與人員(yuan)(yuan)或其(qi)他應(ying)保(bao)(bao)護對(dui)象(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)必須(xu)保(bao)(bao)持短(duan)的(de)相隔長度。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)有(you)害效(xiao)應(ying)隨(sui)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)的(de)增加有(you)規律地(di)衰減(jian)，用距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)作為安(an)全(quan)(quan)尺(chi)度可限定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)有(you)害效(xiao)應(ying)在允許(xu)限度之(zhi)(zhi)內。中國《爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)全(quan)(quan)規程》規定(ding)了爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)地(di)震安(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)，個別飛(fei)散物安(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)，以及爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸沖(chong)擊(ji)波(bo)的(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)。

我國于1983年(nian)制定了(le)《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)巖行基礎開(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(sD 121l一1983)。自(zi)此(ci)，在(zai)(zai)水(shui)利水(shui)電建(jian)(jian)設(she)中預裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)與(yu)(yu)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)已成為(wei)(wei)必須進(jin)行的(de)(de)保護邊(bian)坡(po)質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)開(kai)挖(wa)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)。此(ci)后在(zai)(zai)此(ci)基礎上修(xiu)訂的(de)(de)《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)巖石(shi)基礎開(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(SL 47一1994)以(yi)及(ji)在(zai)(zai)《水(shui)電水(shui)利爆(bao)(bao)破(po)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5135—2001)和(he)《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)巖石(shi)基礎開(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5389～2007)中預裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)與(yu)(yu)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)均(jun)被(bei)編(bian)入并有(you)所改(gai)進(jin)，DL／T 5135—2001正在(zai)(zai)修(xiu)編(bian)為(wei)(wei)DL／T 5135—2012。鐵(tie)道部也不僅規(gui)(gui)(gui)定了(le)凡(fan)是Ⅲ級以(yi)上的(de)(de)巖石(shi)邊(bian)坡(po)，設(she)計邊(bian)坡(po)坡(po)度為(wei)(wei)1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)(zai)邊(bian)坡(po)部位的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)設(she)計和(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)都應(ying)采用(yong)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)或預裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)，并闡述了(le)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(預裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)破(po)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)設(she)計的(de)(de)原則和(he)參數、安全措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)，而且(qie)還明確了(le)路(lu)塹邊(bian)坡(po)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(預裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)破(po)項目質(zhi)量(liang)驗收檢測數量(liang)和(he)檢測方法。無疑該規(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)的(de)(de)實施(shi)(shi)，有(you)力地推動和(he)促(cu)進(jin)了(le)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(預裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)破(po)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)鐵(tie)路(lu)建(jian)(jian)設(she)中的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)與(yu)(yu)發展(zhan)。

上海礦用型聚能管發揮巨大效力的關鍵又在其上面的“聚能槽”上。項目部目前采用的聚能管有兩個“聚能槽”，通過這兩個聚能槽的作用讓爆炸的威力在隧道中切割出十分平順的輪廓線，的控制了爆破量，有效管控了超挖欠挖的現象。為了進一步嚴格控制開挖輪廓，達到提高光面爆破效果的目的，并研究出了聚能管上兩個“聚能槽”變為三個“聚能槽”的發明設計，目前，礦用型聚能管公司該發(fa)明設(she)(she)計(ji)已(yi)經進入到了試生產階段。未(wei)來，三“聚能(neng)槽”設(she)(she)計(ji)的聚能(neng)水壓爆破技術(shu)將推動中(zhong)鐵(tie)十四局四公司張吉懷鐵(tie)路項目部施(shi)工(gong)開展邁上一(yi)個新的臺階，給項目部帶來巨大的經濟效益。工(gong)程爆破技術(shu)經過(guo)幾十年(nian)的發(fa)展，已(yi)經滲透到經濟建設(she)(she)的眾多領(ling)域，特別為中(zhong)國的鐵(tie)路建設(she)(she)、礦山(shan)開采、城市拆舊定向爆破等做出(chu)了重要貢獻。

光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破技術優(you)(you)勢：相對于(yu)傳(chuan)統爆(bao)破工藝，聚能(neng)管(guan)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破比(bi)常規爆(bao)破具有以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)優(you)(you)勢∶少(shao)(shao)打眼，少(shao)(shao)裝藥。節(jie)約(yue)周邊鉆孔(kong)(kong)量(liang)50%，總鉆孔(kong)(kong)進(jin)尺(chi)減少(shao)(shao)30%；節(jie)約(yue)炸藥10～20%，雷(lei)(lei)管(guan)30%。節(jie)約(yue)噴漿料15-20%。節(jie)省時間(jian)∶每(mei)循(xun)環鉆孔(kong)(kong)、裝藥、噴漿時間(jian)1.5-2.0小時。在安全方面(mian)利用(yong)水(shui)沙袋替代炮(pao)(pao)泥，以(yi)(yi)(yi)避免(mian)搗炮(pao)(pao)泥損毀電雷(lei)(lei)管(guan)導線，造成(cheng)(cheng)瞎炮(pao)(pao)。大(da)大(da)減少(shao)(shao)對圍巖(yan)(yan)擾(rao)動，光(guang)面(mian)效(xiao)果好，巖(yan)(yan)性條件(jian)差情況下(xia)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)大(da)減少(shao)(shao)超挖(wa)量(liang)，控制巷道成(cheng)(cheng)型；巖(yan)(yan)性完(wan)整無(wu)節(jie)理情況下(xia)眼痕率可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)達(da)到90%以(yi)(yi)(yi)上，巷道成(cheng)(cheng)型好，穩定性強。布(bu)孔(kong)(kong)方式優(you)(you)化成(cheng)(cheng)多(duo)排(pai)掏槽布(bu)孔(kong)(kong)，單次掘(jue)進(jin)深度可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)優(you)(you)化提(ti)高10%到15%不等。由于(yu)炮(pao)(pao)孔(kong)(kong)數量(liang)大(da)大(da)減少(shao)(shao)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)考(kao)慮一起全斷面(mian)起爆(bao)，節(jie)省放炮(pao)(pao)時間(jian)。