水壓(ya)爆(bao)破(po)是在(zai)(zai)炮孔(kong)兩(liang)端填充水袋,中間(jian)裝上乳化炸(zha),炮孔(kong)再用(yong)(yong)炮泥封死(si),炮孔(kong)間(jian)距(ju)很(hen)大,兩(liang)個(ge)炮空(kong)之(zhi)間(jian)相距(ju)了一(yi)(yi)米左右,是常(chang)規爆(bao)破(po)的(de)炮孔(kong)間(jian)距(ju)的(de)兩(liang)倍,這樣(yang)(yang)可以(yi)節省(sheng)炮孔(kong)材料,這兩(liang)個(ge)凹槽(cao)又稱為聚(ju)能(neng)槽(cao),聚(ju)能(neng)槽(cao)非常(chang)重(zhong)要,放(fang)置(zhi)的(de)位(wei)置(zhi)和方向都十分(fen)講究,一(yi)(yi)點也(ye)不(bu)能(neng)出錯,在(zai)(zai)爆(bao)破(po)的(de)瞬間(jian),高溫高壓(ya)聚(ju)能(neng)射(she)流立(li)即往凹槽(cao)兩(liang)邊的(de)巖石進行(xing)切(qie)割,巖石如同豆腐(fu)一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)(yang)輕松被切(qie)割切(qie)割出來(lai)的(de)輪廓線十分(fen)平順,效(xiao)果(guo)極好,聚(ju)能(neng)水壓(ya)爆(bao)破(po)中的(de)水袋沒有降(jiang)低爆(bao)破(po)的(de)效(xiao)果(guo),反而能(neng)保護隧(sui)道(dao)周(zhou)邊植(zhi)被,減少地質擾動,降(jiang)低煙(yan)塵,重(zhong)要的(de)是節省(sheng)炸(zha)成(cheng)(cheng)本,在(zai)(zai)未(wei)來(lai)這項技術(shu)會廣泛應用(yong)(yong)于工(gong)程中,降(jiang)低施工(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)本。爆(bao)破(po)聚(ju)能(neng)管(guan)水壓(ya)光面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)較水壓(ya)光面(mian)爆(bao)破(po),在(zai)(zai)周(zhou)邊眼單循環火工(gong)品使用(yong)(yong)量(liang)上節約(yue)費用(yong)(yong)8.3%,周(zhou)邊眼鉆(zhan)孔(kong)數量(liang)從(cong)39個(ge)下降(jiang)為23個(ge)費用(yong)(yong)節約(yue)41%,混凝土噴射(she)每(mei)延米節約(yue)1.37立(li)方米。
我國20世紀(ji)60年(nian)(nian)代利用(yong)斷裂(lie)力學對(dui)巖石損(sun)傷引起的裂(lie)紋擴展(zhan)進(jin)行過(guo)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)研究(jiu),為聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)爆破技(ji)(ji)術(shu)應用(yong)到工(gong)程做(zuo)了不少理(li)論分析,也取得(de)一些進(jin)展(zhan)。80年(nian)(nian)代中期(qi)開始(shi)進(jin)行應用(yong)研究(jiu),以北(bei)京礦(kuang)業學院(yuan)為代表,著重研究(jiu)了聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)藥(yao)包(bao)切(qie)割饑理(li)和(he)應用(yong)。1987年(nian)(nian)淮南礦(kuang)業學院(yuan)取得(de)“雙面(mian)切(qie)割器”的zhuanli,1995年(nian)(nian)又(you)取得(de)“大理(li)石花崗(gang)巖切(qie)割技(ji)(ji)術(shu)應用(yong)”zhuanli。1991年(nian)(nian)中國水電七局(ju)曾試(shi)(shi)(shi)圖采(cai)用(yong)硬質(zhi)紙加工(gong)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)藥(yao)管成形聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)藥(yao)卷(juan)做(zuo)過(guo)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)預(yu)裂(lie)爆破試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)研究(jiu),但終因當時的技(ji)(ji)術(shu)及工(gong)藝水平的限(xian)制無法用(yong)于(yu)正常施(shi)工(gong),但是他們開了橢圓(yuan)雙極線(xian)性聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)結構試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)的先河。雙聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)預(yu)裂(lie)與光面(mian)爆破綜合(he)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)開創輪廓控制爆破新時代。
聚能(neng)(neng)包(bao)由炸(zha)(zha)、形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)、隔(ge)板、殼體、引信和(he)(he)支架(jia)等部分組成(cheng),其(qi)作用(yong)(yong)及(ji)對聚能(neng)(neng)包(bao)威(wei)(wei)力的(de)(de)影響(xiang)分述如下。1.炸(zha)(zha),炸(zha)(zha)是聚能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)爆(bao)(bao)破的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)源,炸(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)壓(ya)(ya)越大(da),聚能(neng)(neng)彈威(wei)(wei)力越大(da);為(wei)得到(dao)高爆(bao)(bao)壓(ya)(ya),需高爆(bao)(bao)速、高密度的(de)(de)炸(zha)(zha)。常(chang)用(yong)(yong)炸(zha)(zha)有(you)(you)梯恩梯、8321炸(zha)(zha)等,裝(zhuang)方法有(you)(you)熔(rong)鑄,塑裝(zhuang)和(he)(he)壓(ya)(ya)裝(zhuang)多(duo)種(zhong)。2.型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao),型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)是把炸(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)能(neng)(neng)轉化成(cheng)罩(zhao)體材(cai)料的(de)(de)射(she)流動能(neng)(neng),從而(er)提(ti)高其(qi)穿透(tou)和(he)(he)切割(ge)能(neng)(neng)力。型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的(de)(de)材(cai)料必須滿足四點(dian)要(yao)求,即可壓(ya)(ya)縮性小、密度高、塑性和(he)(he)延展(zhan)性好(hao),在形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)射(she)流中不汽化。大(da)量(liang)(liang)試(shi)驗(yan)證明,用(yong)(yong)紫(zi)銅制作型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)效果好(hao),其(qi)次為(wei)鑄鐵、鋼和(he)(he)陶瓷。型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀多(duo)種(zhong)多(duo)樣,主要(yao)有(you)(you)軸對稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing),如圓錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)、半球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、拋(pao)物線形(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)喇(la)叭(ba)形(xing)(xing)(xing)等;面對稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing),常(chang)見的(de)(de)有(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)于切割(ge)屬板材(cai)的(de)(de)直線形(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)用(yong)(yong)于切割(ge)管(guan)(guan)材(cai)的(de)(de)環形(xing)(xing)(xing)聚能(neng)(neng)罩(zhao)兩(liang)種(zhong);中心(xin)對稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing),這種(zhong)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)聚能(neng)(neng)包(bao),中心(xin)有(you)(you)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)空腔和(he)(he)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao),球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)外敷設炸(zha)(zha),若能(neng)(neng)在瞬間同(tong)時起爆(bao)(bao),可在空腔中心(xin)點(dian)獲得極大(da)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)集(ji)中。在工程中常(chang)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)是軸對稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)面對稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)兩(liang)類型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)。
采用(yong)一種抗靜電阻燃的(de)(de)特種塑料(liao)管(guan)(guan)、異形雙槽聚(ju)能管(guan)(guan),根據炮(pao)眼深度可(ke)長(chang)可(ke)短(duan)。是兩(liang)個相似半壁管(guan)(guan)組成(cheng)(cheng),半壁管(guan)(guan)中央有個凹進(jin)去的(de)(de)槽叫做'聚(ju)能槽",使(shi)用(yong)聚(ju)能管(guan)(guan)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)效果好(hao),開(kai)挖輪廓線平(ping)順(shun)整齊,圍(wei)巖擾(rao)動(dong)減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)、超欠挖明(ming)顯改善,有利(li)于(yu)支護工(gong)(gong)(gong)序施工(gong)(gong)(gong),同時混凝土回填成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)大為(wei)降低(di)。鑿(zao)孔(kong)率(lv)(lv)減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)30%,大大降低(di)了(le)(le)爆(bao)(bao)破作業工(gong)(gong)(gong)班的(de)(de)勞動(dong)量(liang):鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)縮短(duan)30分鐘、少(shao)打眼、出渣量(liang)減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao),降低(di)了(le)(le)材料(liao)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)、減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)時消耗(hao)、勞動(dong)效率(lv)(lv)明(ming)顯提(ti)(ti)高,周(zhou)邊眼爆(bao)(bao)破成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)降低(di)30%以(yi)上(shang),半眼痕保留率(lv)(lv)高達85%以(yi)上(shang)。pvc爆(bao)(bao)破聚(ju)能管(guan)(guan)主要應用(yong)于(yu)隧道(dao)、煤礦(kuang)、鐵(tie)礦(kuang)等(deng)需要進(jin)行(xing)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破施工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程。采用(yong)聚(ju)能管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破可(ke)減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong),擴(kuo)大孔(kong)距,減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)導爆(bao)(bao)管(guan)(guan)用(yong)量(liang),減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)超挖,減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)噴漿,提(ti)(ti)高半孔(kong)率(lv)(lv),既節省了(le)(le)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)又提(ti)(ti)高了(le)(le)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)效率(lv)(lv)。
專業爆破多向聚能管水壓光面爆破技術,是在水壓光面爆破技術基礎上發展起來的一項新技術,其掏槽眼、輔助眼裝藥結構和爆破方式與水壓光面爆破相同,但在周邊眼中安裝專用聚能管裝置替代常規爆破藥卷和傳爆線,利用聚能管產生的粒子射流動能、高壓爆破氣體應力及“氣楔”作用,形成平整圓順的開挖輪廓面,對控制超欠挖具有良好效果,有效提升了隧道施工質量、進度和經濟效益。汕頭爆破多向聚能管科(ke)學合理(li)地利(li)用(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan),提高能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)利(li)用(yong)效(xiao)率,對節能(neng)(neng)(neng)減排也十分重要。利(li)用(yong)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管兩端的(de)(de)水平開出的(de)(de)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽產生的(de)(de)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)射流效(xiao)應對巖石進行破碎。據專家測算(suan),由于聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管兩端聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽產生的(de)(de)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)切割(ge)效(xiao)應,其能(neng)(neng)(neng)效(xiao)比提升一個量級(ji)。