預(yu)裂(lie)與光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術的歷(li)史與現(xian)狀：預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)是(shi)(shi)沿(yan)設(she)(she)計開(kai)挖(wa)邊界布置(zhi)密(mi)集(ji)炮(pao)孔(kong)，采取(qu)不耦(ou)合(he)裝(zhuang)藥(yao)或(huo)裝(zhuang)填低威力炸(zha)藥(yao)，在(zai)主(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)區之前起爆(bao)(bao)，從而在(zai)爆(bao)(bao)區與保留(liu)區之間形成(cheng)預(yu)裂(lie)縫，以減(jian)弱主(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)對保留(liu)巖(yan)體的破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)壞并形成(cheng)平(ping)整(zheng)輪(lun)廓面(mian)的爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)作(zuo)業(ye)。光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)是(shi)(shi)沿(yan)設(she)(she)計開(kai)挖(wa)邊界布設(she)(she)密(mi)集(ji)炮(pao)孔(kong)，采用(yong)不耦(ou)合(he)裝(zhuang)藥(yao)或(huo)裝(zhuang)填低威力炸(zha)藥(yao)，在(zai)主(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)區爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)之后起爆(bao)(bao)的以形成(cheng)平(ping)整(zheng)的開(kai)挖(wa)輪(lun)廓面(mian)的爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)作(zuo)業(ye)。爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術的發(fa)展是(shi)(shi)先(xian)出現(xian)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)，然后衍生發(fa)展為(wei)預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)。聚(ju)能(neng)管(guan)國內歷(li)史與現(xian)狀，我國于1964～1965年(nian)在(zai)湖北陸水水電站施工中(zhong)做過淺孔(kong)預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)試(shi)驗，1965年(nian)鐵道(dao)部門在(zai)成(cheng)昆鐵路(lu)建設(she)(she)中(zhong)開(kai)始試(shi)驗光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)，1977年(nian)在(zai)西延線張家(jia)船工點(dian)，全長近200m的2000m2路(lu)塹(qian)邊坡(po)全部采用(yong)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)，爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)后邊坡(po)平(ping)整(zheng)穩(wen)定(ding)，殘留(liu)的半孔(kong)清晰可見(jian)，是(shi)(shi)鐵路(lu)建設(she)(she)中(zhong)采用(yong)路(lu)塹(qian)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)。

在(zai)(zai)工程(cheng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破中，常用的(de)(de)(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)法(fa)有(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)、導火索起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)、導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)、導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)是(shi)利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)使(shi)雷管(guan)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸，進而起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸藥的(de)(de)(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)芳法(fa)。它所需的(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)材有(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷管(guan)、導線和(he)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路的(de)(de)(de)(de)連接形(xing)式，要(yao)(yao)根據爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破方(fang)法(fa)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破規(gui)模、工程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)性、所選起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)及(ji)其起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)等進行選擇，基本連接方(fang)式有(you)：串聯(lian)、并聯(lian)、串并聯(lian)和(he)并串聯(lian)等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)具有(you)較(jiao)安(an)全、可靠、準確、高效等優點(dian)，在(zai)(zai)國內外仍占有(you)較(jiao)大比(bi)重。在(zai)(zai)大、中型爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破中，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)仍是(shi)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。特別是(shi)在(zai)(zai)有(you)瓦斯、礦塵爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸的(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)是(shi)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)法(fa)。但(dan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)容易受各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信號的(de)(de)(de)(de)干擾而發生早爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，因(yin)此在(zai)(zai)有(you)雜散(san)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、射頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、高壓(ya)感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境中，不能(neng)使(shi)用普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷管(guan)。

礦用型雙向聚能管廠家聚能藥包破碎法特點是:不需要打眼，因而不需要購買打眼設備和動力設備;施工簡單，施工進度比淺眼爆破法快安全性比普通淺眼爆破法和普通裸露藥包法好;勞動強度比淺眼爆破法低。礦用型雙向聚能管廠家制造聚能(neng)藥(yao)包所采用的(de)(de)炸藥(yao)有:黑索(suo)金和(he)(he)(he)梯(ti)(ti)恩梯(ti)(ti)混合熔(rong)鑄型(xing);乳化油(you)炸藥(yao)和(he)(he)(he)黑索(suo)金混裝(zhuang)型(xing)和(he)(he)(he)二號巖石(shi)硝鉸炸藥(yao)壓(ya)制型(xing)。根據(ju)使用的(de)(de)結果證明，選用密度(du)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)和(he)(he)(he)爆速較(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)(de)炸藥(yao)制造聚能(neng)藥(yao)包能(neng)獲(huo)得較(jiao)(jiao)好的(de)(de)破(po)碎(sui)(sui)效果。這主要(yao)是由于它(ta)加(jia)工(gong)簡單和(he)(he)(he)破(po)碎(sui)(sui)能(neng)力較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)。在(zai)礦山由于二次破(po)碎(sui)(sui)消耗的(de)(de)藥(yao)包較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)，而且(qie)金屬藥(yao)型(xing)罩的(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)費(fei)工(gong)又(you)費(fei)材料，所以(yi)多(duo)不采用藥(yao)型(xing)罩。國內生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)一種用于破(po)碎(sui)(sui)大(da)塊的(de)(de)聚能(neng)藥(yao)包，裝(zhuang)置(zhi)聚能(neng)藥(yao)包時，要(yao)將藥(yao)包垂(chui)直裝(zhuang)在(zai)大(da)塊的(de)(de)頂(ding)面上，聚能(neng)穴朝下(xia)。藥(yao)包位(wei)置(zhi)應(ying)選在(zai)頂(ding)面的(de)(de)幾何中心(xin)或附近較(jiao)(jiao)平整的(de)(de)地(di)點。然后在(zai)上面覆蓋泥沙(sha)。

給大家介紹下爆(bao)(bao)破(po)聚能(neng)管的(de)技術(shu)原(yuan)理(li)∶炸藥爆(bao)(bao)炸產(chan)(chan)生的(de)爆(bao)(bao)轟(hong)波(bo)(bo)通過聚能(neng)管的(de)聚能(neng)槽，將炸藥的(de)動(dong)能(neng)、勢能(neng)轉換成高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)、高(gao)速、高(gao)能(neng)的(de)射流，切割演(yan)示成縫(feng)。射流在(zai)孔(kong)壁產(chan)(chan)生射流壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)達(da)7000MPa，巖(yan)石(shi)動(dong)載抗(kang)壓(ya)(ya)強度為(wei)(wei)200MPa，抗(kang)拉為(wei)(wei)1/8～1/10的(de)抗(kang)壓(ya)(ya)強度，相鄰兩(liang)炮(pao)孔(kong)互為(wei)(wei)鄰空面，疊加后的(de)壓(ya)(ya)縮波(bo)(bo)變(bian)為(wei)(wei)稀疏波(bo)(bo)，在(zai)兩(liang)炮(pao)眼(yan)連線(xian)上(shang)使巖(yan)石(shi)結構(gou)斷裂(lie)，形成裂(lie)紋。準靜(jing)(jing)態(tai)氣體膨脹，靜(jing)(jing)態(tai)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)在(zai)兩(liang)炮(pao)孔(kong)最短連線(xian)兩(liang)側產(chan)(chan)生拉力(li)(li)使巖(yan)石(shi)裂(lie)縫(feng)進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步擴(kuo)展。根據爆(bao)(bao)破(po)應力(li)(li)集中(zhong)氣刃作(zuo)用原(yuan)則，爆(bao)(bao)破(po)氣體沿裂(lie)縫(feng)進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步擴(kuo)大貫通，拋落巖(yan)石(shi)。