各(ge)種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)器材銷毀以及(ji)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)器材意(yi)外(wai)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)時(shi)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)源與人員(yuan)和其(qi)他保(bao)護對(dui)象(xiang)之間的(de)安(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)稱為(wei)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)應(ying)取各(ge)種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)效應(ying)（地震、沖擊波(bo)(bo)、飛石(shi)(shi)、有(you)(you)毒氣體等）分別核定(ding)的(de)大值。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)時(shi)，必然產(chan)生爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)地震、空氣沖擊波(bo)(bo)、碎石(shi)(shi)飛散及(ji)有(you)(you)害氣體，因(yin)此，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)設計時(shi)必須確定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)危害范(fan)圍，并確定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)點到附近人員(yuan)、設備、建筑物(wu)(wu)及(ji)井巷等的(de)安(an)全(quan)，這一段距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)就(jiu)稱為(wei)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)。如何控制(zhi)好(hao)這段距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)就(jiu)顯的(de)尤(you)為(wei)重(zhong)要。為(wei)保(bao)證爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)全(quan)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)地點與人員(yuan)或(huo)其(qi)他應(ying)保(bao)護對(dui)象(xiang)之間必須保(bao)持短(duan)的(de)相隔長度。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)有(you)(you)害效應(ying)隨(sui)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)的(de)增加有(you)(you)規(gui)律地衰減(jian)，用(yong)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)作為(wei)安(an)全(quan)尺度可限(xian)(xian)定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)有(you)(you)害效應(ying)在允許限(xian)(xian)度之內(nei)。中(zhong)國《爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)全(quan)規(gui)程》規(gui)定(ding)了爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)地震安(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)，個別飛散物(wu)(wu)安(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)，以及(ji)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)沖擊波(bo)(bo)的(de)安(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)。

專業爆破聚能管聚能包由炸、形罩、隔板、殼體、引信和支架等部分組成，其作用及對聚能包威力的影響分述如下。1．炸，炸是聚能管爆破的能源，炸的爆壓越大，聚能彈威力越大；為得到高爆壓，需高爆速、高密度的炸。常用炸有梯恩梯、8321炸等，裝方法有熔鑄，塑裝和壓裝多種。2．型罩，型罩的作用是把炸的爆炸能轉化成罩體材料的射流動能，從而提高其穿透和切割能力。爆破聚能管廠家型罩的材(cai)(cai)料必須滿(man)足(zu)四點(dian)要求，即可壓縮(suo)性(xing)小、密度高、塑(su)性(xing)和延(yan)展性(xing)好，在(zai)形(xing)(xing)(xing)成射流中(zhong)不汽化。大(da)量試驗證明，用紫銅制作型罩效果好，其次(ci)為鑄鐵、鋼(gang)和陶(tao)瓷。型罩的形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)多種(zhong)多樣，主要有軸對(dui)稱(cheng)型，如圓錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)、半球形(xing)(xing)(xing)、拋物線(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)和喇叭形(xing)(xing)(xing)等；面(mian)對(dui)稱(cheng)型，常見的有用于切割屬板(ban)材(cai)(cai)的直線(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)和用于切割管(guan)材(cai)(cai)的環形(xing)(xing)(xing)聚能罩兩種(zhong)；中(zhong)心(xin)對(dui)稱(cheng)型，這種(zhong)球形(xing)(xing)(xing)聚能包(bao)，中(zhong)心(xin)有球形(xing)(xing)(xing)空(kong)腔和球形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩，球形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩外敷設炸，若(ruo)能在(zai)瞬間同時起爆(bao)，可在(zai)空(kong)腔中(zhong)心(xin)點(dian)獲得極大(da)的能量集中(zhong)。在(zai)工程中(zhong)常用的是軸對(dui)稱(cheng)型和面(mian)對(dui)稱(cheng)型兩類型罩。

水壓(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)較水壓(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)，在周邊眼(yan)單循(xun)環(huan)火工品使用(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)上節(jie)約(yue)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)8.3%，周邊眼(yan)鉆孔(kong)數量(liang)(liang)從(cong)39個下降(jiang)為23個費(fei)用(yong)(yong)節(jie)約(yue)41%，混凝土噴射每(mei)延(yan)米節(jie)約(yue)1.37立方(fang)米。水壓(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)比水壓(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)每(mei)循(xun)環(huan)節(jie)約(yue)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)258.4元(yuan)，即每(mei)延(yan)米節(jie)約(yue)76較元(yuan)，節(jie)約(yue)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)比例達32%。此外，聚能(neng)管(guan)(guan)水壓(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)能(neng)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)降(jiang)低隧道內石渣塊度(du)和粉(fen)塵(chen)含量(liang)(liang)，還可使通風(feng)時間有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)縮(suo)短33%。聚能(neng)管(guan)(guan)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)工藝(yi)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)很(hen)(hen)(hen)成熟(shu)、可操作(zuo)性很(hen)(hen)(hen)強、材料成本(ben)很(hen)(hen)(hen)低、施工速(su)度(du)很(hen)(hen)(hen)快、節(jie)能(neng)環(huan)保效(xiao)(xiao)果很(hen)(hen)(hen)顯(xian)著(zhu)、經濟(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)益社會效(xiao)(xiao)益很(hen)(hen)(hen)高。聚能(neng)管(guan)(guan)定(ding)向(xiang)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)是近幾年(nian)發展起來的(de)一(yi)項掘進新(xin)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu),這種爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)與傳統的(de)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)有(you)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)差別(bie),聚能(neng)管(guan)(guan)定(ding)向(xiang)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)原理是在巷道周邊眼(yan)中,將炸(zha)裝在聚能(neng)管(guan)(guan)中起爆(bao)(bao),爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)時利用(yong)(yong)聚能(neng)管(guan)(guan)的(de)聚能(neng)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong),以減少裂隙的(de)數量(liang)(liang)和控制(zhi)優勢裂隙的(de)發展方(fang)向(xiang)。

水壓光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)技術，是(shi)在(zai)水壓光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)技術基(ji)礎上發展起來的(de)一項新技術，其掏槽眼、輔助眼裝藥結(jie)構和(he)(he)爆(bao)破(po)(po)方式與水壓光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)相同，但在(zai)周邊眼中安裝專用(yong)(yong)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管裝置替代常(chang)規爆(bao)破(po)(po)藥卷和(he)(he)傳(chuan)爆(bao)線(xian)，利用(yong)(yong)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管產(chan)生的(de)粒子(zi)射(she)流動能(neng)、高壓爆(bao)破(po)(po)氣體(ti)應力及“氣楔”作用(yong)(yong)，形成平整(zheng)圓順的(de)開(kai)挖(wa)輪廓面(mian)(mian)，對(dui)控制超欠挖(wa)具有良(liang)好效(xiao)果(guo)，有效(xiao)提升了隧道施工(gong)質量、進度和(he)(he)經濟效(xiao)益。科學合理地利用(yong)(yong)能(neng)源，提高能(neng)源利用(yong)(yong)效(xiao)率，對(dui)節能(neng)減排也(ye)十分重要。利用(yong)(yong)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管兩端的(de)水平開(kai)出的(de)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)槽產(chan)生的(de)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)射(she)流效(xiao)應對(dui)巖石(shi)進行破(po)(po)碎(sui)。據專家測算，由于聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管兩端聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)槽產(chan)生的(de)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)切割效(xiao)應，其能(neng)效(xiao)比提升一個(ge)量級。