預裂(lie)(lie)與光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技術(shu)的(de)歷(li)史與現狀(zhuang)：預裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)是沿(yan)設(she)(she)計開挖(wa)邊(bian)(bian)界(jie)(jie)布(bu)置密集炮(pao)孔，采(cai)(cai)取不耦合(he)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)藥或裝(zhuang)(zhuang)填(tian)低威力炸(zha)藥，在(zai)(zai)主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)之前起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，從而在(zai)(zai)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)與保留(liu)區(qu)之間形成預裂(lie)(lie)縫，以(yi)(yi)減弱(ruo)主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)對保留(liu)巖體(ti)的(de)破(po)(po)(po)壞并形成平整輪(lun)廓面的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)作(zuo)業(ye)。光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)是沿(yan)設(she)(she)計開挖(wa)邊(bian)(bian)界(jie)(jie)布(bu)設(she)(she)密集炮(pao)孔，采(cai)(cai)用不耦合(he)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)藥或裝(zhuang)(zhuang)填(tian)低威力炸(zha)藥，在(zai)(zai)主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)之后起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)以(yi)(yi)形成平整的(de)開挖(wa)輪(lun)廓面的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)作(zuo)業(ye)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技術(shu)的(de)發(fa)展是先出(chu)現光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，然后衍生(sheng)發(fa)展為預裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)。聚(ju)能管國(guo)內歷(li)史與現狀(zhuang)，我(wo)國(guo)于1964～1965年在(zai)(zai)湖北陸水(shui)水(shui)電(dian)站施工(gong)中(zhong)做過淺(qian)孔預裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)試(shi)驗(yan)，1965年鐵道部(bu)門(men)在(zai)(zai)成昆鐵路(lu)建設(she)(she)中(zhong)開始試(shi)驗(yan)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，1977年在(zai)(zai)西延線張家船工(gong)點，全長近200m的(de)2000m2路(lu)塹邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)全部(bu)采(cai)(cai)用光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)后邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)平整穩定，殘留(liu)的(de)半孔清晰可見(jian)，是鐵路(lu)建設(she)(she)中(zhong)采(cai)(cai)用路(lu)塹光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)。

各種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)器(qi)材(cai)銷毀以及(ji)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)器(qi)材(cai)意外爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸時，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)源(yuan)與(yu)人員(yuan)和其他(ta)保護對象(xiang)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)(li)稱(cheng)為(wei)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)(li)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)(li)應(ying)取(qu)各種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)效(xiao)應(ying)（地(di)(di)(di)震(zhen)、沖擊(ji)波、飛石(shi)、有(you)(you)毒氣體等(deng)）分(fen)別核定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)大值。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)時，必然產(chan)生爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)地(di)(di)(di)震(zhen)、空氣沖擊(ji)波、碎石(shi)飛散及(ji)有(you)(you)害(hai)氣體，因此，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)設計時必須確(que)定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)危害(hai)范圍，并確(que)定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)點(dian)到附近人員(yuan)、設備、建(jian)筑物及(ji)井巷等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，這一段距(ju)離(li)(li)就(jiu)稱(cheng)為(wei)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)(li)。如何控制好(hao)這段距(ju)離(li)(li)就(jiu)顯的(de)(de)(de)尤為(wei)重要。為(wei)保證爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)地(di)(di)(di)點(dian)與(yu)人員(yuan)或其他(ta)應(ying)保護對象(xiang)之(zhi)間必須保持短的(de)(de)(de)相隔長(chang)度(du)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)有(you)(you)害(hai)效(xiao)應(ying)隨距(ju)離(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)增加有(you)(you)規(gui)律地(di)(di)(di)衰減，用距(ju)離(li)(li)作(zuo)為(wei)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)尺度(du)可限(xian)定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)有(you)(you)害(hai)效(xiao)應(ying)在允許限(xian)度(du)之(zhi)內。中國《爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)規(gui)程》規(gui)定(ding)了(le)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)地(di)(di)(di)震(zhen)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)(li)，個(ge)別飛散物安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)(li)，以及(ji)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸沖擊(ji)波的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)(li)。

專用多向聚能管聚能包由炸、形罩、隔板、殼體、引信和支架等部分組成，其作用及對聚能包威力的影響分述如下。1．炸，炸是聚能管爆破的能源，炸的爆壓越大，聚能彈威力越大；為得到高爆壓，需高爆速、高密度的炸。常用炸有梯恩梯、8321炸等，裝方法有熔鑄，塑裝和壓裝多種。2．型罩，型罩的作用是把炸的爆炸能轉化成罩體材料的射流動能，從而提高其穿透和切割能力。多向聚能管廠家型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩的(de)材料必(bi)須滿足四點(dian)(dian)要求，即可壓縮性(xing)小、密度高、塑性(xing)和延展(zhan)性(xing)好(hao)，在形(xing)成射(she)流中(zhong)不汽化。大(da)量試驗證明，用(yong)(yong)紫銅制作型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩效(xiao)果好(hao)，其(qi)次為鑄鐵、鋼和陶瓷。型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩的(de)形(xing)狀(zhuang)多(duo)種多(duo)樣(yang)，主要有軸對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)，如圓錐形(xing)、半球(qiu)形(xing)、拋物(wu)線形(xing)和喇叭形(xing)等；面(mian)對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)，常(chang)見的(de)有用(yong)(yong)于切割(ge)屬(shu)板材的(de)直線形(xing)和用(yong)(yong)于切割(ge)管材的(de)環形(xing)聚能(neng)(neng)罩兩(liang)種；中(zhong)心對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)，這種球(qiu)形(xing)聚能(neng)(neng)包，中(zhong)心有球(qiu)形(xing)空腔(qiang)和球(qiu)形(xing)罩，球(qiu)形(xing)罩外敷(fu)設炸(zha)，若能(neng)(neng)在瞬間(jian)同時起爆，可在空腔(qiang)中(zhong)心點(dian)(dian)獲(huo)得(de)極大(da)的(de)能(neng)(neng)量集中(zhong)。在工(gong)程中(zhong)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)的(de)是(shi)軸對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)和面(mian)對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)兩(liang)類型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩。

聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)碎法(fa)特點(dian)是:不需要(yao)打眼(yan)(yan)，因而(er)不需要(yao)購(gou)買(mai)打眼(yan)(yan)設備和(he)動力設備;施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)簡單，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)進度(du)比淺(qian)眼(yan)(yan)爆破(po)(po)(po)(po)法(fa)快安全性比普通淺(qian)眼(yan)(yan)爆破(po)(po)(po)(po)法(fa)和(he)普通裸露藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)好;勞動強度(du)比淺(qian)眼(yan)(yan)爆破(po)(po)(po)(po)法(fa)低。制(zhi)造聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)(bao)所(suo)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)的炸(zha)(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)有:黑索金(jin)和(he)梯恩梯混合(he)熔(rong)鑄型;乳化油炸(zha)(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)和(he)黑索金(jin)混裝型和(he)二號(hao)巖(yan)石硝(xiao)鉸炸(zha)(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)壓制(zhi)型。根(gen)據(ju)使用(yong)(yong)的結(jie)果證(zheng)明，選用(yong)(yong)密度(du)較大(da)和(he)爆速(su)較高的炸(zha)(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)制(zhi)造聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)(bao)能(neng)獲得較好的破(po)(po)(po)(po)碎效果。這主要(yao)是由于(yu)它加工(gong)(gong)簡單和(he)破(po)(po)(po)(po)碎能(neng)力較大(da)。在(zai)(zai)礦山由于(yu)二次破(po)(po)(po)(po)碎消耗的藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)(bao)較多，而(er)且金(jin)屬藥(yao)(yao)(yao)型罩的加工(gong)(gong)費工(gong)(gong)又費材料，所(suo)以(yi)多不采(cai)用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)型罩。國內生產的一種用(yong)(yong)于(yu)破(po)(po)(po)(po)碎大(da)塊的聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)(bao)，裝置聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)(bao)時(shi)，要(yao)將(jiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)(bao)垂(chui)直(zhi)裝在(zai)(zai)大(da)塊的頂面上，聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)穴朝(chao)下。藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)(bao)位置應選在(zai)(zai)頂面的幾何中(zhong)心或附近較平整的地點(dian)。然后在(zai)(zai)上面覆蓋泥沙。

我國(guo)20世紀60年代(dai)利用(yong)(yong)斷裂力(li)學對巖(yan)石(shi)損傷引起的(de)裂紋擴展(zhan)進行過試(shi)驗研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)，為(wei)聚能爆(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)應用(yong)(yong)到工程做了不少理論分析，也取得(de)一些進展(zhan)。80年代(dai)中期開始進行應用(yong)(yong)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)，以北京(jing)礦(kuang)業學院(yuan)為(wei)代(dai)表，著重研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)了聚能藥包切(qie)(qie)割饑(ji)理和應用(yong)(yong)。1987年淮(huai)南礦(kuang)業學院(yuan)取得(de)“雙(shuang)面切(qie)(qie)割器”的(de)zhuanli，1995年又取得(de)“大理石(shi)花(hua)崗巖(yan)切(qie)(qie)割技(ji)術(shu)(shu)應用(yong)(yong)”zhuanli。1991年中國(guo)水電七局曾試(shi)圖采用(yong)(yong)硬質紙加工聚能藥管成形聚能藥卷(juan)做過聚能預裂爆(bao)破(po)(po)試(shi)驗研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)，但(dan)終(zhong)因(yin)當時(shi)的(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)及工藝水平(ping)的(de)限制(zhi)無法用(yong)(yong)于正常施工，但(dan)是他(ta)們開了橢圓(yuan)雙(shuang)極線性聚能結構試(shi)驗的(de)先(xian)河(he)。雙(shuang)聚能預裂與光(guang)面爆(bao)破(po)(po)綜合技(ji)術(shu)(shu)開創輪廓控制(zhi)爆(bao)破(po)(po)新(xin)時(shi)代(dai)。

的(de)(de)軍事應(ying)(ying)用(yong)：聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)，早(zao)在二次世(shi)界(jie)大戰(zhan)期(qi)間(jian)就在軍事方面(mian)廣(guang)泛應(ying)(ying)用(yong)。國內在聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)破(po)(po)甲技(ji)(ji)術(shu)如大錐角反艦導彈(dan)(dan)戰(zhan)斗部和大錐角反坦(tan)克地雷(lei)以及敏感彈(dan)(dan)戰(zhan)斗部等方面(mian)取(qu)得(de)了較為快速(su)的(de)(de)發展，我國20世(shi)紀60年代打破(po)(po)國外技(ji)(ji)術(shu)封鎖(suo)獨(du)立自主研(yan)發成功原(yuan)子(zi)彈(dan)(dan)就是(shi)得(de)力于(yu)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)轟擊(ji)核裝置而引爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)原(yuan)子(zi)彈(dan)(dan)。的(de)(de)民爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)——切(qie)槽爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)：聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)用(yong)于(yu)工程建(jian)設也是(shi)20世(shi)紀60年代開始的(de)(de)，首先是(shi)瑞典的(de)(de)U﹒Langefors提出孔壁切(qie)槽爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)利用(yong)槽口應(ying)(ying)力集中(zhong)定向開裂的(de)(de)設想，后經W﹒L﹒Fourney驗證是(shi)有(you)效的(de)(de)。70年代國外廣(guang)泛研(yan)究(jiu)和應(ying)(ying)用(yong)了切(qie)槽爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)。