聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)碎法特(te)點是:不需要(yao)打眼，因而(er)不需要(yao)購買打眼設(she)備和(he)(he)動(dong)力設(she)備;施(shi)(shi)工簡單，施(shi)(shi)工進度比淺眼爆破(po)(po)(po)法快安全性比普通淺眼爆破(po)(po)(po)法和(he)(he)普通裸露藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)(bao)法好;勞動(dong)強度比淺眼爆破(po)(po)(po)法低。制(zhi)造聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)(bao)所(suo)采用的(de)炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)有:黑索(suo)金(jin)和(he)(he)梯恩梯混(hun)合熔鑄型(xing)(xing);乳化(hua)油炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)和(he)(he)黑索(suo)金(jin)混(hun)裝型(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)二(er)號巖石硝(xiao)鉸炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)壓制(zhi)型(xing)(xing)。根(gen)據使用的(de)結果證(zheng)明，選(xuan)用密度較(jiao)大(da)(da)和(he)(he)爆速較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)制(zhi)造聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)(bao)能(neng)(neng)獲(huo)得較(jiao)好的(de)破(po)(po)(po)碎效(xiao)果。這主要(yao)是由(you)于它加工簡單和(he)(he)破(po)(po)(po)碎能(neng)(neng)力較(jiao)大(da)(da)。在礦山由(you)于二(er)次破(po)(po)(po)碎消(xiao)耗的(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)(bao)較(jiao)多，而(er)且金(jin)屬藥(yao)(yao)(yao)型(xing)(xing)罩的(de)加工費工又費材料，所(suo)以多不采用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)型(xing)(xing)罩。國(guo)內生產的(de)一(yi)種用于破(po)(po)(po)碎大(da)(da)塊(kuai)的(de)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)(bao)，裝置聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)(bao)時，要(yao)將藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)(bao)垂直(zhi)裝在大(da)(da)塊(kuai)的(de)頂面上，聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)穴朝下。藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)(bao)位(wei)置應選(xuan)在頂面的(de)幾何中心或附近較(jiao)平整(zheng)的(de)地點。然后在上面覆蓋泥沙。

預裂(lie)與光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技術的(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)與現(xian)(xian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)：預裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)是沿(yan)設計開(kai)挖邊(bian)界(jie)布置密集(ji)炮(pao)孔(kong)，采取不耦合裝藥(yao)或裝填低威力(li)(li)炸藥(yao)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)主爆(bao)(bao)區之前起爆(bao)(bao)，從而在(zai)(zai)(zai)爆(bao)(bao)區與保(bao)留(liu)區之間形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)預裂(lie)縫，以減弱主爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)對保(bao)留(liu)巖(yan)體的(de)(de)(de)破(po)(po)(po)壞(huai)并形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)平(ping)(ping)整輪廓(kuo)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)作(zuo)業。光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)是沿(yan)設計開(kai)挖邊(bian)界(jie)布設密集(ji)炮(pao)孔(kong)，采用不耦合裝藥(yao)或裝填低威力(li)(li)炸藥(yao)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)主爆(bao)(bao)區爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)之后(hou)起爆(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)以形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)平(ping)(ping)整的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)挖輪廓(kuo)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)作(zuo)業。爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技術的(de)(de)(de)發展是先出現(xian)(xian)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，然后(hou)衍生發展為預裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)。聚能管(guan)國(guo)內歷史(shi)與現(xian)(xian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)，我國(guo)于1964～1965年(nian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)湖北陸水(shui)水(shui)電站施(shi)工中(zhong)做過淺孔(kong)預裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)試(shi)驗，1965年(nian)鐵(tie)道部門在(zai)(zai)(zai)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)昆鐵(tie)路建設中(zhong)開(kai)始試(shi)驗光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，1977年(nian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)西延(yan)線張家(jia)船工點，全(quan)長近200m的(de)(de)(de)2000m2路塹邊(bian)坡全(quan)部采用光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)后(hou)邊(bian)坡平(ping)(ping)整穩(wen)定(ding)，殘留(liu)的(de)(de)(de)半孔(kong)清晰可見，是鐵(tie)路建設中(zhong)采用路塹光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)。

我國于1983年制定(ding)(ding)了(le)《水工(gong)(gong)建筑物(wu)巖(yan)行(xing)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范》(sD 121l一(yi)1983)。自此，在(zai)(zai)水利(li)水電建設中(zhong)預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)與光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)已成為必須進行(xing)的(de)保護邊(bian)坡(po)質量的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)開(kai)挖技(ji)術(shu)措(cuo)施(shi)。此后(hou)在(zai)(zai)此基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)上(shang)修(xiu)訂的(de)《水工(gong)(gong)建筑物(wu)巖(yan)石(shi)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范》(SL 47一(yi)1994)以(yi)及在(zai)(zai)《水電水利(li)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范》(DL／T 5135—2001)和《水工(gong)(gong)建筑物(wu)巖(yan)石(shi)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范》(DL／T 5389～2007)中(zhong)預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)與光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)均被編(bian)入并(bing)有所改進，DL／T 5135—2001正(zheng)在(zai)(zai)修(xiu)編(bian)為DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道部也不僅(jin)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)了(le)凡是Ⅲ級以(yi)上(shang)的(de)巖(yan)石(shi)邊(bian)坡(po)，設計邊(bian)坡(po)坡(po)度為1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)(zai)邊(bian)坡(po)部位的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)設計和施(shi)工(gong)(gong)都應(ying)采用光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)或預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)，并(bing)闡述(shu)了(le)光面(預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)設計的(de)原則和參數、安全(quan)措(cuo)施(shi)，而(er)且還明(ming)確了(le)路塹(qian)邊(bian)坡(po)光面(預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)項目質量驗收檢測數量和檢測方法。無(wu)疑該規(gui)程(cheng)的(de)實(shi)施(shi)，有力地推動和促進了(le)光面(預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)在(zai)(zai)鐵路建設中(zhong)的(de)應(ying)用與發展。

專用多向聚能管聚能包由炸、形罩、隔板、殼體、引信和支架等部分組成，其作用及對聚能包威力的影響分述如下。1．炸，炸是聚能管爆破的能源，炸的爆壓越大，聚能彈威力越大；為得到高爆壓，需高爆速、高密度的炸。常用炸有梯恩梯、8321炸等，裝方法有熔鑄，塑裝和壓裝多種。2．型罩，型罩的作用是把炸的爆炸能轉化成罩體材料的射流動能，從而提高其穿透和切割能力。多向聚能管公司型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的材(cai)料(liao)必須滿(man)足四點要(yao)求(qiu)，即可壓(ya)縮(suo)性(xing)小、密度高、塑(su)性(xing)和(he)(he)延展性(xing)好，在(zai)(zai)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成射流中(zhong)不汽(qi)化。大量試驗證明，用紫銅制作型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)效果好，其(qi)次(ci)為(wei)鑄鐵、鋼和(he)(he)陶瓷。型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀多(duo)種(zhong)多(duo)樣(yang)，主要(yao)有(you)軸(zhou)對稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)，如圓錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、半(ban)球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、拋物(wu)線(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)喇叭形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等；面對稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)，常(chang)見的有(you)用于(yu)切(qie)割屬板材(cai)的直線(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)用于(yu)切(qie)割管材(cai)的環形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)罩(zhao)兩(liang)種(zhong)；中(zhong)心(xin)對稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)，這種(zhong)球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)包，中(zhong)心(xin)有(you)球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)空(kong)腔(qiang)和(he)(he)球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)，球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)外(wai)敷設炸，若能(neng)在(zai)(zai)瞬間同時(shi)起爆，可在(zai)(zai)空(kong)腔(qiang)中(zhong)心(xin)點獲得極大的能(neng)量集中(zhong)。在(zai)(zai)工(gong)程中(zhong)常(chang)用的是軸(zhou)對稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)面對稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)兩(liang)類型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)。

的(de)(de)軍事應(ying)用：聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，早在二次世(shi)界大戰(zhan)期間就(jiu)在軍事方面(mian)廣泛應(ying)用。國(guo)(guo)內(nei)在聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)破(po)(po)甲技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)如大錐(zhui)角反(fan)艦導彈(dan)戰(zhan)斗部和大錐(zhui)角反(fan)坦(tan)克地(di)雷(lei)以(yi)及敏感(gan)彈(dan)戰(zhan)斗部等方面(mian)取得了較為(wei)快(kuai)速(su)的(de)(de)發展，我國(guo)(guo)20世(shi)紀60年(nian)代打破(po)(po)國(guo)(guo)外(wai)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)封鎖獨立自主研發成功原子(zi)彈(dan)就(jiu)是(shi)得力(li)于聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)轟擊核裝(zhuang)置而引爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)原子(zi)彈(dan)。的(de)(de)民(min)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)應(ying)用——切槽(cao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)：聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)用于工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)也是(shi)20世(shi)紀60年(nian)代開始的(de)(de)，首先(xian)是(shi)瑞典(dian)的(de)(de)U﹒Langefors提出孔壁切槽(cao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)利用槽(cao)口應(ying)力(li)集中定向開裂的(de)(de)設(she)想，后經W﹒L﹒Fourney驗證(zheng)是(shi)有效的(de)(de)。70年(nian)代國(guo)(guo)外(wai)廣泛研究和應(ying)用了切槽(cao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。