給(gei)大(da)家介紹下爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)管的(de)技術原理∶炸(zha)藥爆(bao)炸(zha)產生的(de)爆(bao)轟(hong)波(bo)通過聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)管的(de)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽，將炸(zha)藥的(de)動(dong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、勢(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉換成(cheng)高(gao)壓(ya)、高(gao)速、高(gao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)射(she)流(liu)，切割演(yan)示成(cheng)縫(feng)。射(she)流(liu)在孔(kong)(kong)壁產生射(she)流(liu)壓(ya)力達(da)7000MPa，巖(yan)(yan)石(shi)(shi)動(dong)載抗壓(ya)強度(du)為200MPa，抗拉為1/8～1/10的(de)抗壓(ya)強度(du)，相鄰兩(liang)炮孔(kong)(kong)互為鄰空面，疊加后的(de)壓(ya)縮波(bo)變為稀疏波(bo)，在兩(liang)炮眼(yan)連(lian)線(xian)上使巖(yan)(yan)石(shi)(shi)結(jie)構斷裂(lie)，形(xing)成(cheng)裂(lie)紋。準靜(jing)(jing)態(tai)氣(qi)體膨脹，靜(jing)(jing)態(tai)壓(ya)力在兩(liang)炮孔(kong)(kong)最短(duan)連(lian)線(xian)兩(liang)側產生拉力使巖(yan)(yan)石(shi)(shi)裂(lie)縫(feng)進(jin)一步(bu)擴展。根(gen)據爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)應力集中氣(qi)刃(ren)作(zuo)用原則，爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)氣(qi)體沿裂(lie)縫(feng)進(jin)一步(bu)擴大(da)貫通，拋落巖(yan)(yan)石(shi)(shi)。

水(shui)壓爆破(po)是在炮(pao)孔(kong)(kong)兩(liang)端填充水(shui)袋，中間(jian)裝上乳化炸，炮(pao)孔(kong)(kong)再用(yong)炮(pao)泥(ni)封死，炮(pao)孔(kong)(kong)間(jian)距很大(da)，兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)炮(pao)空之(zhi)間(jian)相距了一(yi)米(mi)(mi)左右，是常規爆破(po)的(de)炮(pao)孔(kong)(kong)間(jian)距的(de)兩(liang)倍，這(zhe)樣可以節省炮(pao)孔(kong)(kong)材料，這(zhe)兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)凹槽又稱為聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)槽，聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)槽非常重(zhong)要(yao)，放(fang)置(zhi)(zhi)的(de)位置(zhi)(zhi)和方(fang)向(xiang)都十分講究，一(yi)點也不能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)出錯，在爆破(po)的(de)瞬間(jian)，高溫高壓聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)射(she)流立即往凹槽兩(liang)邊的(de)巖石(shi)進行切割，巖石(shi)如同(tong)豆腐(fu)一(yi)樣輕松被切割切割出來的(de)輪廓線十分平順，效果(guo)極好，聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)水(shui)壓爆破(po)中的(de)水(shui)袋沒有降(jiang)低爆破(po)的(de)效果(guo)，反而能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)保護隧道(dao)周(zhou)邊植被，減(jian)少地質擾動，降(jiang)低煙塵，重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)是節省炸成本(ben)(ben)，在未來這(zhe)項技術會廣泛應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)工程中，降(jiang)低施工成本(ben)(ben)。爆破(po)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管水(shui)壓光面(mian)爆破(po)較水(shui)壓光面(mian)爆破(po)，在周(zhou)邊眼單循環火工品使用(yong)量上節約費用(yong)8.3%，周(zhou)邊眼鉆(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)數量從(cong)39個(ge)(ge)下降(jiang)為23個(ge)(ge)費用(yong)節約41%，混凝土噴射(she)每延(yan)米(mi)(mi)節約1.37立方(fang)米(mi)(mi)。

在建造(zao)隧道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)，人(ren)們首(shou)先想到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)個方式，就是(shi)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技術(shu)(shu)，開山(shan)挖(wa)隧道(dao)(dao)修路，常(chang)(chang)規(gui)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技術(shu)(shu)需要使(shi)用(yong)(yong)數以噸計的(de)(de)(de)炸，炸的(de)(de)(de)威(wei)力十分巨大，但是(shi)在炸完之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，空氣中全(quan)是(shi)煙塵(chen)，根(gen)本無法進入，另外常(chang)(chang)規(gui)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)炸出來的(de)(de)(de)輪(lun)廓(kuo)線凹(ao)凸不平，后(hou)(hou)期常(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)需要工(gong)人(ren)進一(yi)步修補輪(lun)廓(kuo)線才(cai)能(neng)進行下一(yi)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)序，耗(hao)時(shi)耗(hao)力，那么(me)有沒有其(qi)他的(de)(de)(de)方式比(bi)常(chang)(chang)規(gui)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技術(shu)(shu)更好呢？2018年3月，央(yang)視報道(dao)(dao)了一(yi)場(chang)隧道(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)對比(bi)實(shi)驗，實(shi)驗采用(yong)(yong)兩種(zhong)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技術(shu)(shu)，滴喲中是(shi)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)炸的(de)(de)(de)常(chang)(chang)規(gui)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技術(shu)(shu)，第二種(zhong)則(ze)是(shi)國人(ren)新發明的(de)(de)(de)聚(ju)能(neng)水壓(ya)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技術(shu)(shu)，隨(sui)著聲聲巨響，這場(chang)對比(bi)試驗的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)果超乎所有人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)意料，聚(ju)能(neng)水壓(ya)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸效(xiao)果更好，而且爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)產生的(de)(de)(de)水霧能(neng)將(jiang)煙塵(chen)覆(fu)蓋，起到(dao)降(jiang)塵(chen)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)，這項爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)新方式得到(dao)了觀眾們的(de)(de)(de)認可。

專用雙向爆破聚能管采用一種抗靜電阻燃的特種塑料管、異形雙槽聚能管，根據炮眼深度可長可短。蘇州雙向爆破聚能管是兩個相似(si)半(ban)壁管(guan)組成(cheng)，半(ban)壁管(guan)中央(yang)有(you)個凹進去(qu)的(de)(de)槽叫做(zuo)'聚(ju)能(neng)槽"，使用聚(ju)能(neng)管(guan)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破成(cheng)型(xing)效(xiao)(xiao)果好，開挖輪廓線平順整齊，圍巖擾動減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)、超欠挖明(ming)顯(xian)改善(shan)，有(you)利于支護(hu)工(gong)(gong)序施工(gong)(gong)，同時(shi)混凝土回填成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)大(da)(da)為降低(di)。鑿孔率減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)30%，大(da)(da)大(da)(da)降低(di)了(le)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破作業工(gong)(gong)班(ban)的(de)(de)勞動量:鉆(zhan)孔縮(suo)短30分鐘、少(shao)(shao)(shao)打眼、出渣量減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)，降低(di)了(le)材料成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)、減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)工(gong)(gong)時(shi)消耗、勞動效(xiao)(xiao)率明(ming)顯(xian)提(ti)高，周邊眼爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)降低(di)30%以(yi)上，半(ban)眼痕保留率高達85%以(yi)上。pvc爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破聚(ju)能(neng)管(guan)主要(yao)應用于隧道(dao)、煤礦、鐵(tie)礦等需要(yao)進行光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破施工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)。采用聚(ju)能(neng)管(guan)的(de)(de)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破可減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)鉆(zhan)孔，擴大(da)(da)孔距(ju)，減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)用量，減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)超挖，減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)噴漿，提(ti)高半(ban)孔率，既節省了(le)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)又提(ti)高了(le)施工(gong)(gong)效(xiao)(xiao)率。

水壓(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)較水壓(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)，在周邊(bian)眼單循環(huan)火工(gong)品使用(yong)量上節約(yue)(yue)費用(yong)8.3%，周邊(bian)眼鉆孔數量從39個下降為(wei)23個費用(yong)節約(yue)(yue)41%，混(hun)凝土噴射每(mei)延米(mi)節約(yue)(yue)1.37立方(fang)米(mi)。水壓(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)比(bi)水壓(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)每(mei)循環(huan)節約(yue)(yue)費用(yong)258.4元，即(ji)每(mei)延米(mi)節約(yue)(yue)76較元，節約(yue)(yue)費用(yong)比(bi)例達(da)32%。此外，聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)水壓(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)能(neng)有效降低(di)隧道內石(shi)渣塊度(du)和(he)粉(fen)塵(chen)含(han)量，還可使通風時(shi)間(jian)有效縮短33%。聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)工(gong)藝技(ji)術(shu)(shu)很(hen)成熟、可操作性很(hen)強、材料成本很(hen)低(di)、施工(gong)速度(du)很(hen)快、節能(neng)環(huan)保效果(guo)很(hen)顯著(zhu)、經濟效益社會(hui)效益很(hen)高(gao)。聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)定(ding)向(xiang)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)是近幾年發展起來的(de)(de)一項掘進新(xin)技(ji)術(shu)(shu),這(zhe)種爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)與傳統的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)有一定(ding)的(de)(de)差別,聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)定(ding)向(xiang)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)原理是在巷道周邊(bian)眼中(zhong),將炸(zha)裝(zhuang)在聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)起爆(bao)(bao),爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)時(shi)利用(yong)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)作用(yong),以減少裂隙的(de)(de)數量和(he)控制優(you)勢裂隙的(de)(de)發展方(fang)向(xiang)。

聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)由炸(zha)(zha)(zha)、形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)、隔板(ban)、殼體、引(yin)信和(he)支架等部分組(zu)成(cheng)，其作用(yong)及對(dui)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)威力的(de)(de)(de)影響分述如下。1．炸(zha)(zha)(zha)，炸(zha)(zha)(zha)是聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管爆(bao)(bao)破(po)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)，炸(zha)(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)壓(ya)(ya)越大，聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)彈威力越大；為得到高(gao)爆(bao)(bao)壓(ya)(ya)，需高(gao)爆(bao)(bao)速(su)、高(gao)密度的(de)(de)(de)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)。常(chang)(chang)用(yong)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)有(you)梯恩梯、8321炸(zha)(zha)(zha)等，裝(zhuang)方法有(you)熔鑄，塑裝(zhuang)和(he)壓(ya)(ya)裝(zhuang)多(duo)種(zhong)。2．型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)，型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)是把炸(zha)(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉化(hua)成(cheng)罩(zhao)體材料的(de)(de)(de)射(she)流動能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，從而提高(gao)其穿透和(he)切割能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力。型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)材料必須滿足四點(dian)要求，即可壓(ya)(ya)縮性小(xiao)、密度高(gao)、塑性和(he)延展性好(hao)，在形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)射(she)流中(zhong)(zhong)不汽化(hua)。大量試(shi)驗證明，用(yong)紫(zi)銅(tong)制作型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)效果好(hao)，其次為鑄鐵、鋼(gang)和(he)陶瓷。型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀多(duo)種(zhong)多(duo)樣，主要有(you)軸(zhou)對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)，如圓錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)、半球形(xing)(xing)(xing)、拋物線形(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)喇(la)叭形(xing)(xing)(xing)等；面對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)，常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)用(yong)于(yu)切割屬(shu)板(ban)材的(de)(de)(de)直線形(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)用(yong)于(yu)切割管材的(de)(de)(de)環形(xing)(xing)(xing)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)罩(zhao)兩(liang)種(zhong)；中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)，這(zhe)種(zhong)球形(xing)(xing)(xing)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)，中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)有(you)球形(xing)(xing)(xing)空腔和(he)球形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)，球形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)外敷(fu)設炸(zha)(zha)(zha)，若能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)在瞬間同時起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)，可在空腔中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)點(dian)獲得極大的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量集中(zhong)(zhong)。在工(gong)程中(zhong)(zhong)常(chang)(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是軸(zhou)對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)面對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)兩(liang)類型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)。