施工因其(qi)復雜(za)性(xing)(xing)、專業(ye)(ye)性(xing)(xing)、危(wei)險性(xing)(xing)，稍有不慎(shen)，將對(dui)人(ren)(ren)民的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)命財產(chan)安(an)(an)全造成不可(ke)估量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損失，例如廣東宏大寧(ning)夏(xia)“10.16”、山東保利“5.20”等(deng)重大安(an)(an)全事故。因此，相(xiang)較其(qi)他行(xing)業(ye)(ye)，國(guo)家(jia)出臺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)關法(fa)律法(fa)規(gui)多(duo)、專、嚴，從爆(bao)破材料(liao)（炸藥(yao)、雷(lei)管、導爆(bao)索?管?及相(xiang)關材料(liao)）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)、購進(jin)、運輸、儲存、發放、布網、連接、起(qi)爆(bao)、排爆(bao)等(deng)一(yi)系(xi)列程(cheng)序均有嚴格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律規(gui)定(ding)和(he)科學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)操作規(gui)程(cheng)，并且相(xiang)關從業(ye)(ye)單位和(he)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)均應取得相(xiang)應資質。做(zuo)為各類爆(bao)破中(zhong)不可(ke)或缺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種導線(xian)，特別不同于一(yi)般(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)線(xian)電(dian)纜(lan)，其(qi)質量要求及各項技術參(can)(can)數也與普(pu)通(tong)電(dian)線(xian)電(dian)纜(lan)不同。部分家(jia)庭(ting)作坊式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)線(xian)電(dian)纜(lan)廠無科學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)工藝、無基本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢測(ce)設備、無專業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)，甚至不知道(dao)爆(bao)破線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量要求和(he)技術參(can)(can)數，更不可(ke)能制訂自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企業(ye)(ye)標準，僅憑簡陋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設備、以粗糙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模仿進(jin)行(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)經營活動(dong)，致(zhi)(zhi)使市場充斥著假冒偽劣(lie)產(chan)品，導致(zhi)(zhi)爆(bao)破中(zhong)提前或延(yan)遲起(qi)爆(bao)、盲炮增加且強(qiang)制排爆(bao)困(kun)難(nan)，給(gei)人(ren)(ren)身安(an)(an)全和(he)財產(chan)以及正常的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)經營活動(dong)造成了不可(ke)估量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損失。

水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)技術，是在(zai)(zai)水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)技術基礎上(shang)發展起來的(de)(de)一項新技術，其掏槽(cao)眼(yan)、輔助(zhu)眼(yan)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)藥結構和(he)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)方式(shi)與(yu)水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)相(xiang)同，但在(zai)(zai)周邊眼(yan)中安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)專用(yong)(yong)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置替代常規爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)藥卷和(he)傳爆(bao)(bao)(bao)線，利用(yong)(yong)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)粒子(zi)射流(liu)(liu)動能(neng)(neng)、高壓(ya)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)氣(qi)體(ti)應(ying)力及“氣(qi)楔”作用(yong)(yong)，形(xing)成平整圓順的(de)(de)開(kai)挖輪廓面，對控(kong)制超欠(qian)挖具有良(liang)好效(xiao)果，有效(xiao)提升了隧(sui)道施工質量(liang)、進(jin)度(du)和(he)經濟效(xiao)益(yi)。科(ke)學合理地利用(yong)(yong)能(neng)(neng)源，提高能(neng)(neng)源利用(yong)(yong)效(xiao)率，對節能(neng)(neng)減排也(ye)十分重要。利用(yong)(yong)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管兩端的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)平開(kai)出的(de)(de)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽(cao)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)射流(liu)(liu)效(xiao)應(ying)對巖石進(jin)行破(po)碎(sui)。據專家測算，由于聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管兩端聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽(cao)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)切(qie)割效(xiao)應(ying)，其能(neng)(neng)效(xiao)比提升一個量(liang)級。

水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)較水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)，在周(zhou)邊眼單循(xun)環火工品使用(yong)量上節(jie)約(yue)費(fei)用(yong)8.3%，周(zhou)邊眼鉆孔數量從39個(ge)(ge)下降為23個(ge)(ge)費(fei)用(yong)節(jie)約(yue)41%，混凝土噴射每延米節(jie)約(yue)1.37立方米。水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)比水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)每循(xun)環節(jie)約(yue)費(fei)用(yong)258.4元(yuan)，即每延米節(jie)約(yue)76較元(yuan)，節(jie)約(yue)費(fei)用(yong)比例達32%。此外，聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)能(neng)(neng)有效降低隧道(dao)內石渣(zha)塊度(du)(du)和(he)粉塵含量，還可(ke)使通風時間有效縮短33%。聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)工藝技術(shu)(shu)很成熟、可(ke)操(cao)作(zuo)性很強、材料成本很低、施工速(su)度(du)(du)很快、節(jie)能(neng)(neng)環保效果(guo)很顯著、經濟(ji)效益社會(hui)效益很高。聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)定向爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技術(shu)(shu)是(shi)(shi)近(jin)幾年發展(zhan)起來的(de)一(yi)項掘進新技術(shu)(shu),這種爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技術(shu)(shu)與傳統的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技術(shu)(shu)有一(yi)定的(de)差別,聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)定向爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)原理是(shi)(shi)在巷道(dao)周(zhou)邊眼中(zhong),將炸裝(zhuang)在聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)起爆(bao)(bao),爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)時利用(yong)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)作(zuo)用(yong),以減少裂(lie)隙(xi)(xi)的(de)數量和(he)控制優勢(shi)裂(lie)隙(xi)(xi)的(de)發展(zhan)方向。

火索起爆法，導火索起爆法是利用導火索傳遞火焰點燃火雷管進而起爆炸藥。這種起爆法所需的材料有：導火索、火雷管和點火材料。專業爆破多向聚能管導火索起爆法操作簡單、靈活，使用方便，成本較低，廣泛應用于小型爆破和掘進。由于導火索的速燃、緩燃等弊病，在爆破中事故所占比重最大。不能多處裝藥同時起爆。導爆索起爆法，爆破多向聚能管價格用(yong)導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)直(zhi)接起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸藥包(bao)的(de)(de)方法叫導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法。先用(yong)雷管(guan)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)，當導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)轟波傳至炸藥包(bao)時，將炸藥引爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。在(zai)需要(yao)延(yan)時分段起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)地方，將導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)中接入繼(ji)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)，就能達(da)到(dao)導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)毫(hao)秒爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。這種(zhong)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破法所需起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)材(cai)料(liao)有：雷管(guan)、導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)和(he)繼(ji)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)等。導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路(lu)常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)有：串聯、簇(cu)并聯、單向分段并聯和(he)雙向分段并聯等。

我國于1983年制定了(le)《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)巖行基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)開挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術規(gui)范(fan)》(sD 121l一(yi)1983)。自此，在(zai)水(shui)(shui)利水(shui)(shui)電建(jian)設中預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)與(yu)(yu)光面爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)已成(cheng)為(wei)必須進(jin)(jin)行的(de)保護邊(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)質量的(de)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)開挖技(ji)術措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)。此后在(zai)此基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)上修(xiu)訂(ding)的(de)《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)巖石基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)開挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術規(gui)范(fan)》(SL 47一(yi)1994)以(yi)及在(zai)《水(shui)(shui)電水(shui)(shui)利爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術規(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5135—2001)和《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)巖石基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)開挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術規(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5389～2007)中預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)與(yu)(yu)光面爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)均被編入并有所改進(jin)(jin)，DL／T 5135—2001正在(zai)修(xiu)編為(wei)DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道部(bu)也不僅規(gui)定了(le)凡是Ⅲ級(ji)以(yi)上的(de)巖石邊(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)，設計邊(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)坡(po)(po)(po)度(du)為(wei)1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)邊(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)部(bu)位的(de)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)設計和施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)都(dou)應采用光面爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)或預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，并闡述(shu)了(le)光面(預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術設計的(de)原則(ze)和參(can)數、安全措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)，而且還明確了(le)路塹(qian)邊(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)光面(預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)項目質量驗收檢測(ce)數量和檢測(ce)方法。無疑該規(gui)程(cheng)的(de)實施(shi)(shi)，有力地推(tui)動和促進(jin)(jin)了(le)光面(預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術在(zai)鐵路建(jian)設中的(de)應用與(yu)(yu)發展。

的軍事(shi)應用(yong)：聚(ju)能爆(bao)破(po)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)，早在二次世(shi)界(jie)大戰期間就(jiu)在軍事(shi)方面廣泛應用(yong)。國(guo)內在聚(ju)能破(po)甲技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)如大錐角反艦導彈(dan)(dan)戰斗部(bu)和(he)大錐角反坦克地雷(lei)以及(ji)敏感彈(dan)(dan)戰斗部(bu)等(deng)方面取得(de)了(le)較為(wei)快速(su)的發(fa)展(zhan)，我國(guo)20世(shi)紀(ji)60年代打破(po)國(guo)外技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)封鎖獨(du)立自主研發(fa)成功(gong)原子(zi)彈(dan)(dan)就(jiu)是得(de)力于(yu)聚(ju)能爆(bao)破(po)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)轟(hong)擊(ji)核裝置而(er)引爆(bao)原子(zi)彈(dan)(dan)。的民爆(bao)應用(yong)——切(qie)(qie)槽爆(bao)破(po)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)：聚(ju)能爆(bao)破(po)用(yong)于(yu)工程建設也(ye)是20世(shi)紀(ji)60年代開始的，首(shou)先是瑞典的U﹒Langefors提出孔(kong)壁切(qie)(qie)槽爆(bao)破(po)利用(yong)槽口應力集中定向開裂的設想(xiang)，后經W﹒L﹒Fourney驗證是有效的。70年代國(guo)外廣泛研究和(he)應用(yong)了(le)切(qie)(qie)槽爆(bao)破(po)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)。