各(ge)種(zhong)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)器材(cai)銷毀以(yi)及(ji)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)器材(cai)意外爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)時，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)源與(yu)人員(yuan)和其他(ta)保(bao)(bao)護對象(xiang)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)(li)稱為(wei)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)(li)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)(li)應(ying)(ying)取各(ge)種(zhong)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)(ying)（地震(zhen)、沖擊(ji)波、飛石、有(you)毒氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)等）分別核定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)大值。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)時，必(bi)(bi)然產(chan)生(sheng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)地震(zhen)、空氣(qi)(qi)沖擊(ji)波、碎石飛散及(ji)有(you)害(hai)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)，因此(ci)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)設(she)計時必(bi)(bi)須確定(ding)(ding)(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)危(wei)害(hai)范圍，并確定(ding)(ding)(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)點(dian)到附近人員(yuan)、設(she)備、建筑物(wu)及(ji)井巷等的(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)，這(zhe)一段距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)(li)就稱為(wei)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)(li)。如何控制好(hao)這(zhe)段距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)(li)就顯的(de)尤為(wei)重要。為(wei)保(bao)(bao)證爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)地點(dian)與(yu)人員(yuan)或其他(ta)應(ying)(ying)保(bao)(bao)護對象(xiang)之(zhi)間(jian)必(bi)(bi)須保(bao)(bao)持短(duan)的(de)相隔長度。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)有(you)害(hai)效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)(ying)隨距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)增加有(you)規(gui)律地衰減(jian)，用(yong)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)(li)作為(wei)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)尺度可限(xian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)有(you)害(hai)效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)(ying)在允許限(xian)度之(zhi)內。中(zhong)國《爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)規(gui)程》規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)了爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)地震(zhen)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)(li)，個別飛散物(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)(li)，以(yi)及(ji)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)沖擊(ji)波的(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)(li)。

杭州礦用型聚能管是由管體、前錐形定格帽、后定格堵構成，管體為塑性材料制成，呈管狀，管體外徑小于正常炮眼內徑，長度可隨爆破需要生產，管體兩端各有外螺紋，兩端外螺紋間有一縱向切縫，切縫間等距有加強筋，前錐形定格帽呈傘狀，傘形尖有一光孔，兩側直壁內徑有螺紋，與管體外徑前端螺紋配合，帽體外徑大于管體，后定格堵為一封蓋，外徑直徑大于管體外徑，與前錐形定格帽外徑一致，后定格堵內徑有螺紋，與管體外徑后端螺紋配合。專用礦用型聚能管可根(gen)據(ju)炮(pao)(pao)眼深度采(cai)用合適的聚能管管體，不需(xu)其他工具(ju)幫助送入炮(pao)(pao)眼，切縫方向準確，兩端的前錐(zhui)形定格(ge)帽和(he)后(hou)定格(ge)堵外徑(jing)與(yu)炮(pao)(pao)眼內徑(jing)一(yi)致(zhi)，保(bao)證聚能管管體同心，定向準確。且利(li)于(yu)工業化生產(chan)，作業安全

聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包破(po)碎(sui)(sui)法特點是:不需要(yao)打(da)眼，因而不需要(yao)購買打(da)眼設(she)備(bei)和動力設(she)備(bei);施工(gong)簡單(dan)，施工(gong)進(jin)度比(bi)淺眼爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)法快安全性(xing)比(bi)普通(tong)淺眼爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)法和普通(tong)裸露藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包法好(hao);勞(lao)動強度比(bi)淺眼爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)法低。制造聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包所采(cai)用(yong)的炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you):黑索(suo)(suo)金(jin)和梯恩梯混合熔(rong)鑄型(xing)(xing);乳化油炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)和黑索(suo)(suo)金(jin)混裝型(xing)(xing)和二號巖石硝鉸炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)壓制型(xing)(xing)。根據使用(yong)的結果證明，選用(yong)密度較大(da)和爆(bao)(bao)(bao)速(su)較高的炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)制造聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包能(neng)(neng)(neng)獲得較好(hao)的破(po)碎(sui)(sui)效(xiao)果。這主要(yao)是由于它加(jia)工(gong)簡單(dan)和破(po)碎(sui)(sui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力較大(da)。在礦山由于二次破(po)碎(sui)(sui)消耗的藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包較多(duo)，而且(qie)金(jin)屬藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的加(jia)工(gong)費工(gong)又費材料，所以多(duo)不采(cai)用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)。國內生(sheng)產的一種用(yong)于破(po)碎(sui)(sui)大(da)塊的聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包，裝置(zhi)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包時，要(yao)將藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包垂直裝在大(da)塊的頂(ding)面(mian)上(shang)，聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)穴朝下。藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包位置(zhi)應選在頂(ding)面(mian)的幾何中心或附近較平整的地點。然后在上(shang)面(mian)覆(fu)蓋(gai)泥(ni)沙(sha)。

預裂(lie)與(yu)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技術的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史與(yu)現(xian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)：預裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)是沿設計開(kai)挖邊界布置(zhi)密集(ji)炮孔(kong)(kong)，采取不(bu)耦合裝(zhuang)藥或裝(zhuang)填低威(wei)力炸藥，在主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區之前起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，從而(er)在爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區與(yu)保(bao)留(liu)(liu)區之間形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)預裂(lie)縫，以減弱(ruo)主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)對保(bao)留(liu)(liu)巖體的(de)(de)(de)破(po)(po)(po)壞并形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)平(ping)(ping)(ping)整(zheng)輪(lun)(lun)廓(kuo)面(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)作業(ye)(ye)。光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)是沿設計開(kai)挖邊界布設密集(ji)炮孔(kong)(kong)，采用(yong)不(bu)耦合裝(zhuang)藥或裝(zhuang)填低威(wei)力炸藥，在主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)之后起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)以形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)平(ping)(ping)(ping)整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)挖輪(lun)(lun)廓(kuo)面(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)作業(ye)(ye)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技術的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)是先出現(xian)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，然后衍生發(fa)展(zhan)為(wei)預裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)。聚能(neng)管國(guo)內歷(li)史與(yu)現(xian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)，我國(guo)于1964～1965年(nian)在湖(hu)北陸水水電站施工(gong)中(zhong)做過淺孔(kong)(kong)預裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)試(shi)驗，1965年(nian)鐵(tie)道部門在成(cheng)昆鐵(tie)路建設中(zhong)開(kai)始試(shi)驗光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，1977年(nian)在西延線張家船工(gong)點(dian)，全長(chang)近200m的(de)(de)(de)2000m2路塹(qian)邊坡全部采用(yong)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)后邊坡平(ping)(ping)(ping)整(zheng)穩定，殘(can)留(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)半(ban)孔(kong)(kong)清(qing)晰可見，是鐵(tie)路建設中(zhong)采用(yong)路塹(qian)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)。