我國于1983年制定了《水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)巖(yan)(yan)行基礎開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范(fan)》(sD 121l一1983)。自(zi)此(ci)(ci),在水(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)電建(jian)(jian)設(she)中預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)破(po)與光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)已成為必須進行的(de)(de)保護邊(bian)坡(po)質量(liang)的(de)(de)爆(bao)破(po)開(kai)挖技(ji)術(shu)(shu)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)。此(ci)(ci)后在此(ci)(ci)基礎上修(xiu)訂的(de)(de)《水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)巖(yan)(yan)石基礎開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范(fan)》(SL 47一1994)以及在《水(shui)(shui)(shui)電水(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)爆(bao)破(po)工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范(fan)》(DL/T 5135—2001)和(he)《水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)巖(yan)(yan)石基礎開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范(fan)》(DL/T 5389~2007)中預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)破(po)與光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)均被編入并有所改進,DL/T 5135—2001正在修(xiu)編為DL/T 5135—2012。鐵(tie)道部也不僅(jin)規(gui)定了凡是(shi)Ⅲ級(ji)以上的(de)(de)巖(yan)(yan)石邊(bian)坡(po),設(she)計(ji)(ji)邊(bian)坡(po)坡(po)度(du)為1:0.1~1:0.75,在邊(bian)坡(po)部位的(de)(de)爆(bao)破(po)設(she)計(ji)(ji)和(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)都(dou)應(ying)采用光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)或預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)破(po),并闡述了光(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)破(po)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)設(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)原(yuan)則和(he)參(can)數、安(an)全措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi),而且還明確了路塹(qian)邊(bian)坡(po)光(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)破(po)項目(mu)質量(liang)驗收(shou)檢(jian)測數量(liang)和(he)檢(jian)測方法。無疑該規(gui)程的(de)(de)實施(shi)(shi)(shi),有力地推動和(he)促進了光(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)破(po)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)在鐵(tie)路建(jian)(jian)設(she)中的(de)(de)應(ying)用與發展。
專用爆破聚能管水壓光面爆破較水壓光面爆破,在周邊眼單循環火工品使用量上節約費用8.3%,周邊眼鉆孔數量從39個下降為23個費用節約41%,混凝土噴射每延米節約1.37立方米。湖州爆破聚能管水壓(ya)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)比水壓(ya)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)每循環(huan)節(jie)約(yue)費用258.4元,即每延米節(jie)約(yue)76較元,節(jie)約(yue)費用比例達32%。此外(wai),聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)水壓(ya)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)能(neng)(neng)有效降(jiang)低隧(sui)道內石渣塊度和粉塵含量(liang),還可使(shi)通風時間有效縮短33%。聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)工(gong)藝技術(shu)很成(cheng)熟、可操作(zuo)性(xing)很強、材料成(cheng)本很低、施工(gong)速(su)度很快、節(jie)能(neng)(neng)環(huan)保效果很顯著、經濟效益(yi)社(she)會效益(yi)很高(gao)。聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)定向(xiang)爆(bao)破(po)技術(shu)是近幾年發展起(qi)來的(de)一項掘進新技術(shu),這(zhe)種爆(bao)破(po)技術(shu)與傳統的(de)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)技術(shu)有一定的(de)差別,聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)定向(xiang)爆(bao)破(po)原理是在巷道周(zhou)邊眼中,將(jiang)炸裝在聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)中起(qi)爆(bao),爆(bao)破(po)時利用聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)作(zuo)用,以減少裂隙的(de)數量(liang)和控(kong)制優勢裂隙的(de)發展方(fang)向(xiang)。
聚能(neng)(neng)包(bao)由炸(zha)(zha)(zha)、形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)、隔(ge)板、殼體、引信(xin)和(he)(he)支架等部分組成,其作用(yong)(yong)及對(dui)(dui)聚能(neng)(neng)包(bao)威力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)分述如(ru)下。1.炸(zha)(zha)(zha),炸(zha)(zha)(zha)是(shi)聚能(neng)(neng)管爆破(po)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)源,炸(zha)(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爆壓(ya)越大(da)(da),聚能(neng)(neng)彈(dan)威力越大(da)(da);為得到(dao)高爆壓(ya),需高爆速、高密(mi)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)。常用(yong)(yong)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)有(you)(you)梯恩梯、8321炸(zha)(zha)(zha)等,裝方法有(you)(you)熔(rong)鑄,塑裝和(he)(he)壓(ya)裝多種(zhong)。2.型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao),型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)是(shi)把(ba)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爆炸(zha)(zha)(zha)能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)化(hua)成罩(zhao)體材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)射流動能(neng)(neng),從(cong)而提高其穿透和(he)(he)切(qie)割(ge)能(neng)(neng)力。型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材料必須滿足四(si)點要(yao)求,即可壓(ya)縮性小、密(mi)度高、塑性和(he)(he)延展性好,在形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成射流中(zhong)不汽(qi)化(hua)。大(da)(da)量(liang)(liang)試驗證(zheng)明,用(yong)(yong)紫銅制作型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)效果好,其次為鑄鐵(tie)、鋼(gang)和(he)(he)陶瓷。型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀多種(zhong)多樣,主要(yao)有(you)(you)軸對(dui)(dui)稱型(xing)(xing),如(ru)圓錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、半球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、拋物線(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)喇(la)叭形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等;面(mian)對(dui)(dui)稱型(xing)(xing),常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)于切(qie)割(ge)屬(shu)板材的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直線(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)用(yong)(yong)于切(qie)割(ge)管材的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聚能(neng)(neng)罩(zhao)兩種(zhong);中(zhong)心對(dui)(dui)稱型(xing)(xing),這種(zhong)球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聚能(neng)(neng)包(bao),中(zhong)心有(you)(you)球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)空(kong)腔(qiang)和(he)(he)球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao),球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)外敷設炸(zha)(zha)(zha),若能(neng)(neng)在瞬(shun)間同(tong)時(shi)起爆,可在空(kong)腔(qiang)中(zhong)心點獲得極大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)集中(zhong)。在工程中(zhong)常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)軸對(dui)(dui)稱型(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)面(mian)對(dui)(dui)稱型(xing)(xing)兩類(lei)型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)。
施工因(yin)其復雜性、專業(ye)(ye)性、危險性,稍(shao)有(you)不(bu)(bu)慎(shen),將對(dui)人民的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)命財(cai)產(chan)安全(quan)造(zao)成不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)估(gu)(gu)量(liang)的(de)損(sun)失,例(li)如廣東(dong)宏大寧夏“10.16”、山東(dong)保利“5.20”等(deng)重大安全(quan)事故。因(yin)此,相(xiang)(xiang)較其他(ta)行(xing)業(ye)(ye),國(guo)家(jia)(jia)出(chu)臺的(de)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)法(fa)律法(fa)規(gui)(gui)多、專、嚴(yan),從爆破(po)材(cai)料(liao)(炸(zha)藥、雷管、導爆索?管?及相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)材(cai)料(liao))的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)、購進(jin)、運輸、儲(chu)存(cun)、發放(fang)、布網、連接、起爆、排(pai)爆等(deng)一系列程(cheng)序均有(you)嚴(yan)格(ge)的(de)法(fa)律規(gui)(gui)定(ding)和(he)科學的(de)操作(zuo)規(gui)(gui)程(cheng),并(bing)且相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)從業(ye)(ye)單(dan)位(wei)和(he)人員均應(ying)取得相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)資(zi)質(zhi)。做為各(ge)類爆破(po)中不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)或(huo)缺的(de)一種導線(xian),特別(bie)不(bu)(bu)同于(yu)一般(ban)的(de)電(dian)線(xian)電(dian)纜,其質(zhi)量(liang)要(yao)求(qiu)及各(ge)項(xiang)技(ji)術(shu)參數(shu)也與普通電(dian)線(xian)電(dian)纜不(bu)(bu)同。部分家(jia)(jia)庭作(zuo)坊式的(de)電(dian)線(xian)電(dian)纜廠無(wu)科學的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)工藝、無(wu)基本(ben)的(de)檢測設(she)備(bei)、無(wu)專業(ye)(ye)的(de)技(ji)術(shu)人員,甚至(zhi)不(bu)(bu)知道爆破(po)線(xian)的(de)質(zhi)量(liang)要(yao)求(qiu)和(he)技(ji)術(shu)參數(shu),更不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)能制訂自己(ji)的(de)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)標準,僅憑簡陋的(de)設(she)備(bei)、以粗糙(cao)的(de)模仿進(jin)行(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)經營活動(dong),致使市場(chang)充斥著假冒偽(wei)劣產(chan)品(pin),導致爆破(po)中提前或(huo)延(yan)遲(chi)起爆、盲炮增加(jia)且強制排(pai)爆困難,給(gei)人身安全(quan)和(he)財(cai)產(chan)以及正常(chang)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)經營活動(dong)造(zao)成了不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)估(gu)(gu)量(liang)的(de)損(sun)失。