給大(da)家介(jie)紹下爆破聚能管(guan)的(de)技術原理∶炸(zha)藥爆炸(zha)產生(sheng)的(de)爆轟波(bo)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)聚能管(guan)的(de)聚能槽，將炸(zha)藥的(de)動能、勢(shi)能轉換(huan)成高壓、高速、高能的(de)射(she)(she)流(liu)(liu)，切割(ge)演示成縫。射(she)(she)流(liu)(liu)在孔壁產生(sheng)射(she)(she)流(liu)(liu)壓力(li)達(da)7000MPa，巖(yan)(yan)石動載抗壓強(qiang)(qiang)度為(wei)(wei)200MPa，抗拉(la)為(wei)(wei)1/8～1/10的(de)抗壓強(qiang)(qiang)度，相鄰兩炮(pao)(pao)孔互(hu)為(wei)(wei)鄰空面，疊加后的(de)壓縮波(bo)變為(wei)(wei)稀疏波(bo)，在兩炮(pao)(pao)眼連(lian)線上使巖(yan)(yan)石結(jie)構斷裂(lie)，形成裂(lie)紋。準靜態(tai)氣體膨脹，靜態(tai)壓力(li)在兩炮(pao)(pao)孔最(zui)短連(lian)線兩側產生(sheng)拉(la)力(li)使巖(yan)(yan)石裂(lie)縫進(jin)一步擴展。根據爆破應(ying)力(li)集中(zhong)氣刃作用原則，爆破氣體沿裂(lie)縫進(jin)一步擴大(da)貫通(tong)(tong)，拋落巖(yan)(yan)石。

在(zai)工程(cheng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破中，常用的(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)有：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、導(dao)火索起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、導(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、導(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能使(shi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)管(guan)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)，進而(er)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)藥的(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)芳法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。它所(suo)需的(de)(de)器材有：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)管(guan)、導(dao)線和起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路的(de)(de)連(lian)接形式，要(yao)根據爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破方法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破規模、工程(cheng)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)性(xing)、所(suo)選起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源及其(qi)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)能力(li)等進行(xing)選擇(ze)，基本連(lian)接方式有：串(chuan)聯(lian)、并聯(lian)、串(chuan)并聯(lian)和并串(chuan)聯(lian)等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)具有較安全、可靠、準確、高(gao)效(xiao)等優(you)點，在(zai)國(guo)內(nei)外仍占有較大(da)比重(zhong)。在(zai)大(da)、中型爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破中，主(zhu)要(yao)仍是(shi)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。特(te)別是(shi)在(zai)有瓦斯(si)、礦塵爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)的(de)(de)環境中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)是(shi)主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。但電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)容易(yi)受各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信號的(de)(de)干擾而(er)發生早(zao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，因此在(zai)有雜散電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、雷(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、射(she)頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、高(gao)壓感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)環境中，不能使(shi)用普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)管(guan)。

預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)與光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)技術的(de)歷史與現狀：預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)是沿設(she)計開(kai)挖邊(bian)界布(bu)置密集(ji)炮(pao)孔，采取不(bu)耦合裝(zhuang)(zhuang)藥(yao)或(huo)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)填(tian)低威力(li)炸(zha)藥(yao)，在主爆(bao)區(qu)之前起(qi)爆(bao)，從而在爆(bao)區(qu)與保(bao)留(liu)區(qu)之間形成預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)縫，以(yi)減(jian)弱(ruo)主爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)對保(bao)留(liu)巖體的(de)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)壞并形成平(ping)(ping)整(zheng)輪廓(kuo)面(mian)的(de)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)作(zuo)業。光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)是沿設(she)計開(kai)挖邊(bian)界布(bu)設(she)密集(ji)炮(pao)孔，采用不(bu)耦合裝(zhuang)(zhuang)藥(yao)或(huo)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)填(tian)低威力(li)炸(zha)藥(yao)，在主爆(bao)區(qu)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)之后(hou)起(qi)爆(bao)的(de)以(yi)形成平(ping)(ping)整(zheng)的(de)開(kai)挖輪廓(kuo)面(mian)的(de)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)作(zuo)業。爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)技術的(de)發展是先出現光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)，然后(hou)衍生發展為預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)。聚能管國內歷史與現狀，我國于1964～1965年在湖北(bei)陸水(shui)水(shui)電站施工(gong)中做過淺孔預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)試驗，1965年鐵(tie)(tie)道部門在成昆鐵(tie)(tie)路建(jian)設(she)中開(kai)始試驗光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)，1977年在西延線張(zhang)家(jia)船工(gong)點，全長近200m的(de)2000m2路塹(qian)(qian)邊(bian)坡全部采用光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)，爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)后(hou)邊(bian)坡平(ping)(ping)整(zheng)穩(wen)定，殘留(liu)的(de)半孔清晰可見，是鐵(tie)(tie)路建(jian)設(she)中采用路塹(qian)(qian)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)。

水壓(ya)爆破(po)(po)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)炮(pao)孔(kong)(kong)兩(liang)(liang)端填充水袋(dai)，中(zhong)間(jian)裝(zhuang)上(shang)乳(ru)化炸，炮(pao)孔(kong)(kong)再用(yong)(yong)炮(pao)泥(ni)封死，炮(pao)孔(kong)(kong)間(jian)距(ju)(ju)很(hen)大，兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)炮(pao)空之間(jian)相(xiang)距(ju)(ju)了(le)一(yi)米左右(you)，是(shi)常(chang)規(gui)爆破(po)(po)的(de)(de)炮(pao)孔(kong)(kong)間(jian)距(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)倍，這樣(yang)可以(yi)節省(sheng)炮(pao)孔(kong)(kong)材料，這兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)凹(ao)槽(cao)又(you)稱(cheng)為聚能槽(cao)，聚能槽(cao)非常(chang)重要，放(fang)置的(de)(de)位置和(he)方(fang)向都十(shi)分(fen)講究，一(yi)點也不(bu)能出錯，在(zai)(zai)爆破(po)(po)的(de)(de)瞬間(jian)，高(gao)溫高(gao)壓(ya)聚能射流立即往(wang)凹(ao)槽(cao)兩(liang)(liang)邊(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)巖石(shi)進行切割(ge)，巖石(shi)如同豆腐(fu)一(yi)樣(yang)輕松被切割(ge)切割(ge)出來的(de)(de)輪廓(kuo)線(xian)十(shi)分(fen)平順，效(xiao)果極好(hao)，聚能水壓(ya)爆破(po)(po)中(zhong)的(de)(de)水袋(dai)沒有降(jiang)(jiang)低爆破(po)(po)的(de)(de)效(xiao)果，反(fan)而能保(bao)護隧道(dao)周(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)植被，減少地質擾動，降(jiang)(jiang)低煙(yan)塵，重要的(de)(de)是(shi)節省(sheng)炸成本(ben)(ben)，在(zai)(zai)未(wei)來這項技(ji)術(shu)會廣泛應用(yong)(yong)于工程(cheng)中(zhong)，降(jiang)(jiang)低施(shi)工成本(ben)(ben)。爆破(po)(po)聚能管水壓(ya)光面爆破(po)(po)較水壓(ya)光面爆破(po)(po)，在(zai)(zai)周(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)眼(yan)單循(xun)環火(huo)工品使用(yong)(yong)量上(shang)節約(yue)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)8.3%，周(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)眼(yan)鉆孔(kong)(kong)數量從(cong)39個(ge)下降(jiang)(jiang)為23個(ge)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)節約(yue)41%，混凝土噴射每延米節約(yue)1.37立方(fang)米。

我(wo)國于1983年制定了(le)《水工(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑物巖(yan)(yan)(yan)行基(ji)礎開(kai)挖工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)》(sD 121l一1983)。自此(ci)，在水利水電(dian)建(jian)(jian)設中(zhong)預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)破(po)(po)與光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)已(yi)成(cheng)為(wei)必須進(jin)(jin)行的保護邊坡(po)(po)(po)質(zhi)量的爆(bao)破(po)(po)開(kai)挖技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)。此(ci)后在此(ci)基(ji)礎上(shang)修訂的《水工(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑物巖(yan)(yan)(yan)石(shi)基(ji)礎開(kai)挖工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)》(SL 47一1994)以及在《水電(dian)水利爆(bao)破(po)(po)工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)》(DL／T 5135—2001)和(he)《水工(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑物巖(yan)(yan)(yan)石(shi)基(ji)礎開(kai)挖工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)》(DL／T 5389～2007)中(zhong)預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)破(po)(po)與光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)均被編入并有所改(gai)進(jin)(jin)，DL／T 5135—2001正在修編為(wei)DL／T 5135—2012。鐵(tie)道部(bu)也不僅規(gui)(gui)定了(le)凡是Ⅲ級(ji)以上(shang)的巖(yan)(yan)(yan)石(shi)邊坡(po)(po)(po)，設計邊坡(po)(po)(po)坡(po)(po)(po)度為(wei)1：0．1～1：0．75，在邊坡(po)(po)(po)部(bu)位的爆(bao)破(po)(po)設計和(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)都應(ying)采用光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)或預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)破(po)(po)，并闡述了(le)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)破(po)(po)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)設計的原則和(he)參(can)數、安全(quan)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)，而且還明確了(le)路塹邊坡(po)(po)(po)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)破(po)(po)項目質(zhi)量驗收檢(jian)測數量和(he)檢(jian)測方法。無疑該規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)的實施(shi)(shi)(shi)，有力地推動和(he)促進(jin)(jin)了(le)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)在鐵(tie)路建(jian)(jian)設中(zhong)的應(ying)用與發展(zhan)。

專業雙向爆破聚能管施工工藝嚴格遵循六字方針(掛滿、貼緊、對準)：(1)要保證炮眼打眼質量,炮眼必須按技術要求合理布置。(2)要保證掏槽眼以及其他眼眼的打眼質量,一定要在規定位置上打眼;二臨沂雙向爆破聚能管要(yao)保證(zheng)炮眼深度和(he)角度。(3)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)裝藥(yao)時(shi),要(yao)保證(zheng)乳化炸藥(yao)在聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)內壁中(zhong)(zhong)填(tian)充飽滿(man)不得有空(kong)隙出現時(shi)以產生拒爆。(4)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)在炮眼中(zhong)(zhong)裝填(tian)時(shi),要(yao)保證(zheng)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)的兩(liang)條(tiao)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)槽指向巷道輪(lun)廓(kuo)線方(fang)向并且各(ge)個炮眼聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)的聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)槽軸線方(fang)面要(yao)保證(zheng)相互連接在隧道輪(lun)廓(kuo)線上。否則成型(xing)效(xiao)果不僅不好(hao),反(fan)而更差。(5)保證(zheng)炮眼堵塞質量。(6)放(fang)炮員應提前按規定裝好(hao)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)的炸藥(yao),并做(zuo)好(hao)準備(bei)工作。試用范(fan)圍:一級至五(wu)級圍巖的光面爆破工程。