專用深孔爆破聚能管水壓光面爆破技術在隧道掘進作業中的實際應用。提升光面爆破水平、嚴抓隧道超挖管控進行了介紹。聚能水壓光面爆破工藝技術很成熟、可操作性很強、材料成本很低、施工速度很快、節能環保效果很顯著、經濟效益社會效益很高。一是要提高對推廣該項技術重要性和必然性的認識;二是要樹立必須采取聚能水壓光面爆破的意識;三是要堅持培訓、示范、監督“三位一體”;四是要制定切實的獎懲制度;五是要建立檢查監督機制，持續促進該項技術的深入推廣。深孔爆破聚能管廠家在隧道施工(gong)(gong)的(de)現場管理、科(ke)技創新(xin)、人才培養(yang)、經濟效益等(deng)方(fang)面的(de)不足(zu)。建議對(dui)施工(gong)(gong)一線基礎(chu)技術工(gong)(gong)作扎實推進;對(dui)新(xin)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)、先進工(gong)(gong)法要深入學習鉆研;對(dui)消(xiao)極懈怠、故步自封(feng)的(de)思想要堅決抵制。

的(de)(de)軍事(shi)(shi)應用：聚(ju)能(neng)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)，早在二(er)次(ci)世界(jie)大(da)戰期間就在軍事(shi)(shi)方面(mian)廣泛應用。國內在聚(ju)能(neng)破(po)(po)甲(jia)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)如大(da)錐(zhui)角(jiao)反艦導彈(dan)戰斗(dou)部(bu)和大(da)錐(zhui)角(jiao)反坦(tan)克地雷以及敏感彈(dan)戰斗(dou)部(bu)等方面(mian)取得了較為快速的(de)(de)發(fa)展，我國20世紀(ji)60年(nian)代打破(po)(po)國外(wai)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)封鎖獨立自主研發(fa)成功原(yuan)子彈(dan)就是(shi)得力于聚(ju)能(neng)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)轟擊(ji)核裝置(zhi)而引(yin)爆(bao)(bao)原(yuan)子彈(dan)。的(de)(de)民爆(bao)(bao)應用——切槽(cao)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)：聚(ju)能(neng)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)用于工程(cheng)建設(she)(she)也是(shi)20世紀(ji)60年(nian)代開始的(de)(de)，首(shou)先是(shi)瑞典的(de)(de)U﹒Langefors提(ti)出孔壁切槽(cao)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)利(li)用槽(cao)口應力集中定向開裂的(de)(de)設(she)(she)想，后經W﹒L﹒Fourney驗證是(shi)有效的(de)(de)。70年(nian)代國外(wai)廣泛研究和應用了切槽(cao)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)。

聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)包(bao)由炸(zha)、形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)、隔板、殼體、引信和(he)支(zhi)架等部分組(zu)成，其作用(yong)(yong)(yong)及對(dui)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)包(bao)威力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響分述如(ru)下。1．炸(zha)，炸(zha)是(shi)(shi)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)爆(bao)破的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)源，炸(zha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)壓(ya)越大(da)，聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)彈威力越大(da)；為得(de)到高(gao)(gao)爆(bao)壓(ya)，需高(gao)(gao)爆(bao)速、高(gao)(gao)密(mi)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)炸(zha)。常用(yong)(yong)(yong)炸(zha)有(you)(you)梯(ti)恩梯(ti)、8321炸(zha)等，裝方法有(you)(you)熔(rong)鑄(zhu)，塑(su)裝和(he)壓(ya)裝多(duo)(duo)種。2．型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)，型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)把炸(zha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)炸(zha)能(neng)(neng)轉化(hua)成罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)體材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)射流動能(neng)(neng)，從而(er)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)其穿透和(he)切(qie)割(ge)能(neng)(neng)力。型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材料必須滿(man)足四(si)點(dian)要求(qiu)，即可(ke)壓(ya)縮(suo)性小、密(mi)度高(gao)(gao)、塑(su)性和(he)延展性好，在形(xing)(xing)(xing)成射流中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不汽化(hua)。大(da)量試驗證明，用(yong)(yong)(yong)紫銅制作型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)效果好，其次為鑄(zhu)鐵、鋼和(he)陶瓷。型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀多(duo)(duo)種多(duo)(duo)樣，主要有(you)(you)軸對(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)，如(ru)圓錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)、半球形(xing)(xing)(xing)、拋物線形(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)喇叭形(xing)(xing)(xing)等；面對(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)，常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)切(qie)割(ge)屬(shu)板材的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)線形(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)切(qie)割(ge)管(guan)材的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)兩種；中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心對(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)，這種球形(xing)(xing)(xing)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)包(bao)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心有(you)(you)球形(xing)(xing)(xing)空腔(qiang)和(he)球形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)，球形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)外敷設炸(zha)，若(ruo)能(neng)(neng)在瞬間同時起爆(bao)，可(ke)在空腔(qiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心點(dian)獲得(de)極大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。在工程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)常用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)軸對(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)面對(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)兩類(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)。

在工(gong)程爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中，常用(yong)的(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)有(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、導(dao)(dao)火索(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、導(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、導(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能使雷(lei)管爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸，進而起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸藥的(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)芳法(fa)(fa)(fa)。它所需(xu)的(de)(de)器材有(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)雷(lei)管、導(dao)(dao)線和起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源。電(dian)(dian)(dian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路的(de)(de)連(lian)接(jie)形式(shi)，要根據爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)規模、工(gong)程的(de)(de)重要性、所選起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源及其(qi)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)能力等(deng)進行選擇，基本(ben)連(lian)接(jie)方式(shi)有(you)：串聯(lian)、并(bing)聯(lian)、串并(bing)聯(lian)和并(bing)串聯(lian)等(deng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)具有(you)較(jiao)安全、可(ke)靠、準確(que)、高(gao)效等(deng)優點(dian)，在國內外仍(reng)占有(you)較(jiao)大比(bi)重。在大、中型(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中，主要仍(reng)是(shi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。特別(bie)是(shi)在有(you)瓦斯、礦塵爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸的(de)(de)環(huan)境中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)是(shi)主要的(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)。但(dan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)容易受各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)信號的(de)(de)干擾而發生早爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，因此在有(you)雜散電(dian)(dian)(dian)、靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)、雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、射頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)、高(gao)壓感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)環(huan)境中，不能使用(yong)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)雷(lei)管。

水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)爆(bao)破(po)(po)是在炮孔(kong)(kong)兩(liang)(liang)端(duan)填充(chong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)袋，中(zhong)間(jian)裝上乳化炸(zha)，炮孔(kong)(kong)再用(yong)炮泥(ni)封死，炮孔(kong)(kong)間(jian)距(ju)很大，兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)炮空之間(jian)相(xiang)距(ju)了一(yi)米左右，是常規(gui)爆(bao)破(po)(po)的(de)(de)(de)炮孔(kong)(kong)間(jian)距(ju)的(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)倍，這樣(yang)可以(yi)節省炮孔(kong)(kong)材料，這兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)凹槽(cao)又稱為聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能槽(cao)，聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能槽(cao)非常重要，放置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)位置(zhi)和方向都十分講究，一(yi)點也不能出錯，在爆(bao)破(po)(po)的(de)(de)(de)瞬(shun)間(jian)，高溫高壓(ya)(ya)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能射流立即往凹槽(cao)兩(liang)(liang)邊(bian)的(de)(de)(de)巖(yan)石(shi)進行切(qie)割，巖(yan)石(shi)如同豆腐一(yi)樣(yang)輕松被切(qie)割切(qie)割出來的(de)(de)(de)輪廓線十分平順，效果(guo)極好，聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)爆(bao)破(po)(po)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)袋沒(mei)有降(jiang)低(di)爆(bao)破(po)(po)的(de)(de)(de)效果(guo)，反而能保(bao)護隧道周(zhou)邊(bian)植被，減少地質擾動，降(jiang)低(di)煙塵，重要的(de)(de)(de)是節省炸(zha)成本，在未來這項(xiang)技術會廣泛應用(yong)于工程中(zhong)，降(jiang)低(di)施工成本。爆(bao)破(po)(po)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能管水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)較水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)，在周(zhou)邊(bian)眼(yan)單循環(huan)火工品使(shi)用(yong)量(liang)上節約費(fei)用(yong)8.3%，周(zhou)邊(bian)眼(yan)鉆孔(kong)(kong)數量(liang)從39個(ge)下(xia)降(jiang)為23個(ge)費(fei)用(yong)節約41%，混凝土噴射每延米節約1.37立方米。

不(bu)(bu)成(cheng)功的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)例是(shi)有的(de)(de)(de)，如爆(bao)而(er)不(bu)(bu)倒(dao)、實施(shi)(shi)定(ding)向(xiang)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)后(hou)沒(mei)有按(an)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)方案(an)的(de)(de)(de)方向(xiang)倒(dao)塌(ta)等等。這(zhe)些事(shi)(shi)例警示:從爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)設計、爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)器材質量、爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)到起(qi)爆(bao)網(wang)路連接等，只要有一個環(huan)節出(chu)現(xian)失(shi)誤，都將影響爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)效果，乃至造成(cheng)嚴重的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)果。爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)作業無(wu)論是(shi)老舊建筑物(wu)(wu)本(ben)身還是(shi)周圍環(huan)境都十(shi)分復雜，這(zhe)不(bu)(bu)僅要求認真(zhen)調(diao)查爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)(包括施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)缺陷)，分析(xi)受力狀況(kuang)，同(tong)時(shi)還要對(dui)(dui)采(cai)取技術措施(shi)(shi)(如預(yu)處理、嵌(qian)補、支撐等)的(de)(de)(de)可靠(kao)和(he)安全性(xing)進行分析(xi)，對(dui)(dui)可能出(chu)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)意外情況(kuang)，應(ying)(ying)預(yu)先制定(ding)應(ying)(ying)急方案(an)，努力避免安全事(shi)(shi)故和(he)不(bu)(bu)必要的(de)(de)(de)損失(shi)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)保(bao)性(xing)越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)受到人們的(de)(de)(de)關注，同(tong)時(shi)，探索無(wu)公害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)拆除爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技術，一直是(shi)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作者(zhe)追求的(de)(de)(de)目標。設立(li)掩(yan)蔽體(ti)(ti)對(dui)(dui)物(wu)(wu)體(ti)(ti)加以保(bao)護(hu)(hu)，簡單的(de)(de)(de)辦法是(shi)用草袋、竹笆一類材料(liao)覆蓋在需(xu)要保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)體(ti)(ti)上面;對(dui)(dui)房屋和(he)機器設備常要在迎面和(he)頂(ding)部豎立(li)排架(jia)，用木板或(huo)荊(jing)笆上罩鐵(tie)絲網(wang)，抵御較多的(de)(de)(de)飛石和(he)較強的(de)(de)(de)空氣沖(chong)擊(ji)波的(de)(de)(de)打擊(ji);對(dui)(dui)某些重要工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)建筑物(wu)(wu)打防震孔或(huo)者(zhe)用預(yu)裂爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)將爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)區(qu)和(he)被保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)建筑物(wu)(wu)或(huo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設施(shi)(shi)隔離(li)開來(lai)。