施工因其(qi)(qi)復雜(za)性(xing)、專業(ye)性(xing)、危險性(xing)，稍有不(bu)(bu)(bu)慎，將(jiang)對人(ren)民的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生命財產(chan)安(an)全造(zao)成不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)估量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)失(shi)，例(li)如廣東宏大寧夏“10.16”、山東保利“5.20”等重大安(an)全事故(gu)。因此，相(xiang)較其(qi)(qi)他行(xing)業(ye)，國家出(chu)臺(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)關(guan)法(fa)律(lv)法(fa)規(gui)多、專、嚴(yan)，從(cong)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)材(cai)料（炸藥、雷管、導(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索?管?及相(xiang)關(guan)材(cai)料）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)、購進、運輸、儲存、發放、布網、連接、起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)、排爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)等一系列程序均有嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)規(gui)定和科學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)操作(zuo)規(gui)程，并(bing)且相(xiang)關(guan)從(cong)業(ye)單位和人(ren)員均應取得相(xiang)應資質(zhi)。做(zuo)為各(ge)類爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)或(huo)缺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種導(dao)線，特別不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)于一般的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)線電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，其(qi)(qi)質(zhi)量要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)及各(ge)項技(ji)術參數(shu)也與普通電(dian)(dian)線電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)。部分家庭作(zuo)坊式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)線電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)廠(chang)無科學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)工藝、無基本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢測設備、無專業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術人(ren)員，甚至(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)道爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)和技(ji)術參數(shu)，更不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)能制(zhi)訂自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企業(ye)標(biao)準，僅憑(ping)簡(jian)陋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設備、以粗糙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模仿進行(xing)生產(chan)經營活(huo)動(dong)，致使市場充斥著(zhu)假冒偽劣產(chan)品，導(dao)致爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中(zhong)提前或(huo)延遲起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)、盲炮增加(jia)且強制(zhi)排爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)困難，給人(ren)身安(an)全和財產(chan)以及正常(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)經營活(huo)動(dong)造(zao)成了不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)估量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)失(shi)。

專業礦用型聚能管是將炸藥裝在聚能管內，兩頭均放置了水袋，聚能管爆炸產生的高溫高壓射流，讓水袋產生“水楔”效應,使圍巖裂縫加劇延伸擴展。它是在水壓光面爆破基礎上發展起來的一項新技術，區別只是在周邊眼中安裝專用線性聚能藥管替代常規爆破藥卷和傳爆線，只要做到七大關鍵環節：水袋挺拔飽滿、炮泥軟硬適中、水袋裝填到底、炮泥回填到口、木棍逐節搗固、水藥緊密相連、槽面必須平行，就能對控制超欠挖起到良好效果。礦用型聚能管公司在推廣水(shui)壓(ya)爆破(po)的基礎上，去(qu)年9月(yue)，水(shui)壓(ya)聚能爆破(po)的成果(guo)上，今年更為深(shen)入(ru)地(di)在興泉鐵(tie)路(lu)大(da)嶺隧(sui)道、牡佳鐵(tie)路(lu)麻山隧(sui)道采用(yong)了此(ci)項(xiang)技術，積(ji)累(lei)了成功經驗。

水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)光面爆(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)在隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)掘進作(zuo)業(ye)中的實(shi)際應用。提升(sheng)光面爆(bao)破(po)(po)水(shui)(shui)平、嚴抓隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)超挖管(guan)控進行了介紹(shao)。聚能水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)光面爆(bao)破(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)藝技(ji)術(shu)很成熟、可操作(zuo)性很強、材料成本(ben)很低(di)、施工(gong)(gong)速度很快、節(jie)能環保效果很顯著、經(jing)濟效益社會效益很高(gao)。一(yi)是(shi)(shi)要(yao)提高(gao)對推廣該(gai)項技(ji)術(shu)重要(yao)性和必然(ran)性的認識;二是(shi)(shi)要(yao)樹立必須采取聚能水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)光面爆(bao)破(po)(po)的意識;三是(shi)(shi)要(yao)堅(jian)持培訓、示范、監(jian)督“三位一(yi)體”;四是(shi)(shi)要(yao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定切實(shi)的獎懲制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度;五是(shi)(shi)要(yao)建立檢查監(jian)督機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，持續(xu)促進該(gai)項技(ji)術(shu)的深(shen)入推廣。在隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)施工(gong)(gong)的現場管(guan)理、科技(ji)創新、人(ren)才培養、經(jing)濟效益等方面的不足。建議(yi)對施工(gong)(gong)一(yi)線基礎技(ji)術(shu)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)扎實(shi)推進;對新工(gong)(gong)藝、先進工(gong)(gong)法要(yao)深(shen)入學習鉆(zhan)研;對消極懈怠、故(gu)步自封的思想要(yao)堅(jian)決抵制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。

我國于1983年制定了(le)(le)《水工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑物巖(yan)行基礎(chu)(chu)開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術規范》(sD 121l一1983)。自此，在(zai)水利水電建設(she)(she)中(zhong)預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)與光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)已成為(wei)必須進行的保護邊坡(po)(po)(po)質量(liang)的爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)開(kai)挖技(ji)術措施(shi)(shi)。此后在(zai)此基礎(chu)(chu)上修(xiu)訂(ding)的《水工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑物巖(yan)石基礎(chu)(chu)開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術規范》(SL 47一1994)以及在(zai)《水電水利爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術規范》(DL／T 5135—2001)和(he)《水工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑物巖(yan)石基礎(chu)(chu)開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術規范》(DL／T 5389～2007)中(zhong)預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)與光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)均被編(bian)入并有所改進，DL／T 5135—2001正在(zai)修(xiu)編(bian)為(wei)DL／T 5135—2012。鐵(tie)道部也不(bu)僅規定了(le)(le)凡是Ⅲ級以上的巖(yan)石邊坡(po)(po)(po)，設(she)(she)計邊坡(po)(po)(po)坡(po)(po)(po)度為(wei)1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)邊坡(po)(po)(po)部位的爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)設(she)(she)計和(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)都應采用(yong)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)或預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)，并闡述了(le)(le)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(預(yu)(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術設(she)(she)計的原則和(he)參數、安全措施(shi)(shi)，而且還明確了(le)(le)路塹邊坡(po)(po)(po)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(預(yu)(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)項目質量(liang)驗收檢(jian)測數量(liang)和(he)檢(jian)測方法(fa)。無疑(yi)該規程(cheng)(cheng)的實施(shi)(shi)，有力地推動和(he)促(cu)進了(le)(le)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(預(yu)(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)術在(zai)鐵(tie)路建設(she)(she)中(zhong)的應用(yong)與發(fa)展(zhan)。

水(shui)壓(ya)光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技術基礎上發展(zhan)起來(lai)的一項(xiang)新(xin)技術，其掏槽眼、輔(fu)助眼裝藥結構(gou)和爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)方式與水(shui)壓(ya)光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)相同，但在周(zhou)(zhou)邊(bian)眼中安裝專用線(xian)性聚能(neng)藥管替代常(chang)規爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)藥卷和傳(chuan)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)線(xian)，利(li)用線(xian)性聚能(neng)藥管產生的粒子射流動(dong)能(neng)、高壓(ya)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)氣體應力(li)及(ji)“氣楔”作用，形成(cheng)平整(zheng)圓順的開挖輪(lun)廓面，對控制超欠挖具有(you)良好效果，有(you)效提升(sheng)了隧(sui)道施工質量、進度(du)和經(jing)濟效益(yi)。水(shui)壓(ya)光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)較水(shui)壓(ya)光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)，在周(zhou)(zhou)邊(bian)眼單循(xun)環火(huo)工品使用量上節(jie)(jie)(jie)約(yue)費(fei)用8.3%，周(zhou)(zhou)邊(bian)眼鉆孔數量從39個下降為23個費(fei)用節(jie)(jie)(jie)約(yue)41%，混凝土噴(pen)射每延(yan)米(mi)節(jie)(jie)(jie)約(yue)1.37立方米(mi)。聚能(neng)水(shui)壓(ya)光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)比(bi)(bi)水(shui)壓(ya)光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)每循(xun)環節(jie)(jie)(jie)約(yue)費(fei)用258.4元，即每延(yan)米(mi)節(jie)(jie)(jie)約(yue)76較元，節(jie)(jie)(jie)約(yue)費(fei)用比(bi)(bi)例達(da)32%。此外，聚能(neng)水(shui)壓(ya)光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)能(neng)有(you)效降低(di)隧(sui)道內石渣塊度(du)和粉塵含量，還可使通風時間有(you)效縮(suo)短33%。

各種(zhong)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)器材(cai)銷毀以及爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)器材(cai)意外爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸時(shi)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)源與(yu)人員(yuan)(yuan)和(he)其他保護(hu)對(dui)(dui)象之間(jian)的(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)應取各種(zhong)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)效(xiao)應（地震、沖(chong)擊(ji)波、飛(fei)石(shi)、有(you)毒氣(qi)體(ti)等）分(fen)別(bie)核(he)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)大(da)值。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)時(shi)，必然(ran)產(chan)生爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)地震、空氣(qi)沖(chong)擊(ji)波、碎石(shi)飛(fei)散(san)及有(you)害氣(qi)體(ti)，因此，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)設計時(shi)必須(xu)確定(ding)(ding)(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)危害范圍(wei)，并確定(ding)(ding)(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)點到附近人員(yuan)(yuan)、設備、建筑物(wu)及井(jing)巷(xiang)等的(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)，這(zhe)一段距(ju)離(li)就稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)。如何控(kong)制好這(zhe)段距(ju)離(li)就顯的(de)尤為(wei)(wei)重要。為(wei)(wei)保證爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)地點與(yu)人員(yuan)(yuan)或(huo)其他應保護(hu)對(dui)(dui)象之間(jian)必須(xu)保持短的(de)相(xiang)隔(ge)長度。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)有(you)害效(xiao)應隨距(ju)離(li)的(de)增加有(you)規(gui)(gui)律地衰(shuai)減(jian)，用(yong)距(ju)離(li)作為(wei)(wei)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)尺度可(ke)限定(ding)(ding)(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)有(you)害效(xiao)應在允許限度之內。中國(guo)《爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)規(gui)(gui)程》規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)了爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)地震安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)，個別(bie)飛(fei)散(san)物(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)，以及爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸沖(chong)擊(ji)波的(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)。